Decision support systems

Decision support systems Abstract Nowadays, Decision Support Systems has a significant role in almost all areas of life. These systems go further and use new technologies like data mining and knowledge and data discovery (KDD) to improve and facilitate human decision making. First of all we provide some definitions about decision making, models and processes. Afterwards, we discuss about knowledge and data discovery and also, Intelligent decision support systems. At last, as an empirical survey, we compare two different cultures in using decision making support systems. One of them uses decision support system in clinical environment to improve the decision making and reduce crucial errors significantly; while the other uses the traditional system and relies on the human memory and experience rather than using decision support systems. Keywords: Decision Making, Decision Support, Knowledge and Data Discovery (KDD), Intelligent Decision Support Systems Introduction Information system has a significant role in supporting decision making, and in some special environments like business, health and education, gets the mandatory part. Moreover, such systems go further and use data mining and knowledge and data discovery (KDD) techniques to improve their abilities in supporting decision making. One of the environments that need information systems support for making crucial decisions and have direct effect on human life is clinical and health environment. We are going to look through the effect of decision support system in it. Decision Making Decisions and models Decision making is undeniably an essential and vital part of the human life. A decision problem may consist of numerous smaller decisions inter-related together, and the results of multiple decisions can be consolidated together; or one decision can influence another subsequent one. This influence can be fed as the input to a subsequent decision, or as a decisional choice for the users in determining which decision to make subsequently. This bigger decision, and its smaller decisions embedded within, must be represented in a simple manner for decision makers to read, understand, and communicate with. Each decision can be represented in the form of a model, to represent, describe and depict the decision problem and its interaction under consideration, whether it is simply an abstraction schema, insights to the decisions rather than mere numbers actual model instance, or executable computer program module. Each decision model can be a permanent modeling scenario which can be retrieved and included as part of a bigger scenario. Alternatively, it can be a temporary modeling scenario that is aggregated or pipelined within a bigger scenario. Such model integration treatments are subject to the discretion of users at the time of making such decisions. Even though each of these decisions may have a direct or indirect bearing on other subsequent decisions and can easily influence the overall decision and conclusion, many decision making processes and systems treat these decisions as independent and unrelated. This obscures the users from seeing and discovering the true effects and influen ce of the decision problem and its interaction under consideration, whether they are interrelated and/or interdependent. The element of interdependence may not be discovered until the full picture can be seen and assessed. Even though many decisions do occur in a sequential fashion, there are also many decisions that occur in parallel, evolve over time and converge to a concluding decision, or eventually combine or are interwoven into a final decision. Therefore, the decision making process should neither be fixed nor predetermined beforehand so that the execution order can be created as required. Hence, modeling is an important process in understanding, capturing, representing, and solving these decision models especially in terms of their interrelatedness across multiple models and their instances over a period of time. Furthermore such models should ideally be able to capture functional, behavioral, organizational, and informational perspectives. Decision systems are intended to assist users in making a decision. There are several types of users involved in using decision systems and these users progress as they develop more confidence: from inexperienced/na?ve decision makers, to average decision makers/ analysts, to experienced decision makers/modelers. Each type of user has different needs and should not be restricted by the constraints of any decision system that dictates the steps and techniques behind analyzing and solving a decision problem. Some users may need more decisional and/or system usage guidance while others may prefer to have minimal guidance. Some may wish the decision system will take care of the entire decision making process including prescribing the order in which each set of data is requested as well as the order in which each decision model is executed; while others may wish to intervene to a greater extent in designing the entire decision making process and the execution order to suit, or to a lesser extent in specifying a particular solution method. There are a variety of reasons as to why a human intervention is warranted and needed from the perspective of an experienced user. However, it is interesting to note that the type of guidance may have an adverse effect on decision model selection and ultimately the decision outcome. It is unreasonable and impractical to expect decision makers to operate a different decision making system for each decision and to comprehend the full effects of the consolidation and integration from these decisions. A decision making process is not necessarily about concentrating on the decision itself, but should emphasize the ways in which decisions are made. Therefore, users should be able to choose an optimizing approach and solution as well as a satisfying approach and solution, and not be limited to only one approach and solution that is traditionally incorporated in decision systems. Due to the frequency and complexity of interrelated decisions, some users may recall an existing scenario as input to another scenario, or recall several existing scenarios for comparative purposes. Decision systems need to be built in a flexible way so that decision models and components can be easily assembled and/or integrated together to create new scenarios and specific scenarios can be built and tailored to meet the needs of particular user groups. With all these issues in mind, the framework and architecture of an ideal decision system should have independent components that enable components to be easily assembled and integrated together to form a decision scenario. They should be flexible enough to serves various types of users and accommodate various types of decision making processes. They should also be sufficiently versatile to handle decision problems regardless of paradigms and/or domains under consideration. Good decision making frameworks must therefore be in place f or system framework and architecture to exhibit modeling flexibility, component independence, and versatility in domain and/or paradigm. To overcome the issues and fulfill the requirements discussed above, we first propose a converging decision analysis process, an optimizing?satisfying decision model, and a cyclical modeling lifecycle. Normative decision making processes Decisions can evolve and converge into a concluding decision over time. This can occur within re-evaluating a decision problem, or evaluating across multiple decision problems that are similar. This iterative decision making process is known as the convergence process. As decisions evolve and refine over time, decision makers are able to concentrate on essential factors and eliminate nonessential ones in order to narrow down the scope of the decision problem. Such attention-focused method provides a cut down version of the problem. A decision is subsequently made from these remaining factors of the reduced problem. Such decision-focused method provides an actionable result from the given problem. Since there can be many decisions within a decision problem, several iterations of attention-focused and decision-focused methods are applied while intermediate decisions within the decision problem are made and converged. Such revision and refinement occur irrespective of paradigms and doma ins. This notion of applying the attention focused and decision-focused methods within a convergence decision making process are depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1. Converging decision analysis, as in an 1D-CSP scenario One-Dimensional Cutting Stock Problem (1D-CSP) was used for illustrative purposes in order to design and implement the proposed framework and architecture. 1D-CSP is about cutting strips of raw material into desired sizes according to customer order widths. We often do not have unlimited supplies of raw materials and would therefore need to formulate and decide on which cutting patterns are used. 1D-CSP is a resource management problem with a traditional goal of minimizing wastage. Besides wastage, there may be other objectives that must be considered. For example, minimize machine setups through the changing of cutting knives, minimize machine setups through reducing the number of cutting patterns used, or minimize the number of disruption in the sequence of cutting patterns used. Even though 1D-CSP is considered to be a simple problem in pure mathematical terms, it becomes a reasonably complex decision problem once one considers all the real world constraints and objectives, and th e interrelated decisions involved within its decision making process. The 1D-CSP can be used as a decision problem to illustrate the converging decision analysis process, as depicted in Figure 1. The first decision is a pattern generation heuristic that generates combinations of cutting patterns. This decision concentrates only on generating those cutting patterns that are relevant to the decision problem under consideration (an attention-focused method). The second decision is determining which cutting patterns among the generated ones should be retained or discarded (a decision-focused method). This can be based on specific rules such as an allowable number of cutting knives per cutting pattern. It can also be based on the decision makers personal experience on whether certain cutting patterns should be discarded. The third decision is the creation of linear programming constraints that identifies the feasible area of the problem under consideration (an attention-focused method), while the fourth decision is finding an optimal point within the feasib le area (a decision-focused method). Neither of the focused methods has to produce an optimal or a satisfying solution necessarily. It is entirely up to the decision maker to decide on what sort of solution is desired at the time. Each decision and solution can be encompassed within a decision model that consists of both the optimizing model and satisfying model, as depicted in Figure 2. In a decision problem that consists of multiple interrelated decisions, the result from one model may be fed into another model continuously until an ultimate result is reached, and the result from a model can take on a different solution option. Each decision model may return to itself for refinement, or return to the previous model for additional processing, or feed to the next model for further processing. This return may be due to an infeasible solution, or a better understanding of the model which eventually leads to a change in the parameters of the model. The 1D-CSP can be used to illustrate the optimizing?satisfying decision model, as depicted in Figure 2. The first decision model pattern generation heuristic is a satisfying model that produces only those cutting patterns that are relevant and desirable to the decision problem under consideration. The second decision model is also a satisfying model in selecting or deselecting among the cutting patterns already produced. The third and fourth decision models are optimizing models that optimize using the linear programmings simplex method. Figure 2. Optimizing?satisfying decision model Decision modeling lifecycle The approach of Simon to the decision making process in terms of intelligence, design, and choice is very decision-oriented. However, as Glob has suggested it is about the way in which we model the decision. Therefore, we propose to integrate Simons proposal with MS/ORs modeling proposals that attempt to support every phase and aspects of decisions and modeling lifecycle. Such a design approach is crucial to support the modeling and decision environments and ensure that non-predetermined decision making processes and interrelated decisions characteristics can be modeled. This proposed modeling process is cyclical and iterative, and enables continuous adjustment and refinement especially in storing and retrieving decision problems as decision scenarios, as summarized in Figure 3. Despite the fact that the modeling lifecycle progresses step-by-step in a cycle, it can return to any earlier steps and not just the previous one, and can skip some steps in the later iteration if it has already gone through that particular step earlier on. It is however more difficult to represent these possible movements visually in the modelling lifecycle and is therefore not illustrated in Figure 3. The lifecycle is valuable not only from the point of view of modeling the decision itself but especially for highlighting the role of the system components of the decision, whether it is a data, model, solver, or scenario. Once a problem is understood it can be represented in the form of a model which is then instantiated with data and integrated with solvers so that it can be executed. Such a model is especially beneficial if it is storable and retrievable for later use and comparison. Once a model is represented, a solution can be derived through analyzing and investigating as well as comparing with various model instances. The derived solution is then reviewed and validated. If it is considered unsatisfactory such information can be used to modify and reformulate the decision model. Figure 3. Cyclical modeling lifecycle Even though the decision system will progress through the entire modeling lifecycle in producing the end result, it is important to note however that not all users will execute all the steps of the modeling lifecycle. Depending on the competencies of the decision makers and their permissions, they may interact with certain steps in the modeling lifecycle. For example, the inexperienced decision maker may interact with only step 2; the average decision maker may interact with steps 2, 3 and 4; whereas the experienced decision maker may interact with all 6 steps in the modeling lifecycle, as shown and contrasted in Figure 4. This decision modeling lifecycle provides a sound basis for the decision support and modeling framework and architecture. Figure 4. Interaction between 3 types of user groups and the modeling lifecycle Intelligent Decision Support Systems While IDSS (Intelligent Decision Support Systems) have been receiving increasing attention from the DSS research community by incorporating knowledge- based techniques to provide intelligent and active behavior, the state-of-the-art IDSS architecture provides little support for incorporating novel technologies that serve useful DSS information, such as the results from the knowledge and data discovery (KDD) community. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery In recent years, the terms knowledge discovery and data mining (commonly referred to as KDD) have been used synonymously. They both refer to the area of research that draws upon data mining methods from pattern recognition (Tuzhilin, 1993), machine learning (Han et al., 1992) and database (Agrawal et al., 1993, 1994) techniques in the context of vast organizational databases. Conceptually, KDD refers to a multiple step process that can be highly interactive and iterative in the following (Fayyad Uthurusamy, 1995): the selection, cleaning, transformation and projection of data; mining the data to extract patterns and appropriate models; evaluating and interpreting the extracted patterns to decide what constitutes ?knowledge?; consolidating the knowledge, resolving conflicts with previously extracted knowledge; making the knowledge available for use by the interested elements within the system. A number of KDD systems are similar to IADSS data miner agents in spirit and in technique. Such work in designing and implementing practical KDD systems is crucial to our research in the sense that their results provide solid KDD pragmatic technologies ready to be integrated into our IADSS architecture. However, the current state of using KDD techniques for decision support remains in its infancy, as preliminary applications that use exclusively KDD techniques. It is our point of view that such isolated applications have limited scope and capabilities, while future KDD techniques will play an integral role in complex business systems that incorporate a wide range of technologies including intelligent agents, multimedia and hypermedia, distributed systems and computer networks such as the internet, and many others. From a DSS perspective, a simple DSS architecture that consists of a single decision maker with single information source knowledge discovery functionality lacks the ability to deal with complex situations in which multiple decision makers or multiple informatio n sources are involved. Most existing DSSs with data mining and knowledge discovery capability fall into this category. Intelligent Agents The concept of intelligent agents is rapidly becoming an important area of research (Bhargava Branley, 1995; Etzioni Weld, 1994; Khoong, 1995). Informally, intelligent agents can be seen as software agents with intelligent behavior, that is, they are a combination of software agents and intelligent systems. Formally, the term agent is used to denote a software-based computer system that enjoys the following properties (Wooldridge Jennings, 1995): Autonomy: Agents operate without the direct intervention of humans. Co-operatively: Agents co-operate with other agents towards the achievement of certain objectives. Reactivity: Agents perceive their environment and respond in a timely fashion to changes that occur. Pro-activity: Agents do not simply act in response to their environment; they are able to exhibit goal-directed behavior by taking the initiative. Mobility: Agents are able to travel through computer networks. An agent on one computer may create another agent on another computer for execution. Agents may also transport from computer to computer during execution and may carry accumulated knowledge and data with them. Furthermore, there has been a rapid growth in attention paid to developing and deploying intelligent agent-based systems to tackle real world problems by taking advantage of the intelligent, autonomous and active nature of this technology (Wang Wang, 1996). Intelligent Decision Support Systems Intelligent decision support systems (Chi Turban, 1995; Holtzman, 1989), incorporating knowledge-based methodology, are designed to aid the decision-making process through a set of recommendations reflecting domain expertise. Clearly, the knowledge-based methodology provides useful features for the application of domain knowledge in decision making. However, the knowledge stored in the knowledge bases is highly domain-oriented and relatively small changes in the problem domain require extensive intervention by the expert. Powerful information communication channels, such as the internet (information superhighway), are continuously changing the decision making process. When decision makers make decisions they not only rely on brittle domain knowledge but also on other relevant information from all over the world. As a result, the challenge of discovering and incorporating new knowledge with existing ones requires us to introduce new techniques (such as intelligent agents and knowledg e discovery) into DSSs. Research into IDSS includes the work by Rao et al. (1994), who presented an intelligent decision support system architecture, IDSS, that stresses active involvement of computer systems in decision making, on the other hand, the work by Sycara at CMU LEI (Laboratory for Enterprise Integration) proposed the PERSUADER (Sycara, 1993), which incorporates machine learning for intelligent support of conflict resolution and the work on NEST which incorporates distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) with group decision support systems by Fox and Shaw (Shaw Fox, 1993). The proposed IDSS architecture is similar in substance to our proposed IADSS, which incorporates distributed artificial intelligence and incorporates the principles of co-operative distributed problem solving in the decision-making process. However, as we have pointed out above, it is necessary for the incorporation of data mining technology which extracts important information from vast amounts of or ganizational data sources in order to provide additional information that may be crucial for the decision-making process. IADSS architectural configuration As we have pointed out in our introduction, there exist numerous obstacles that remain to be overcome in today?s DSSs to fully achieve the vision of IADSS. The integration of intelligent agents with DSSs will be able to address most, if not all, of the articulated issues. However, even within the application of an intelligent agent-based architecture, there exist two different forms (or configurations) of the decision-making process that the particular architecture will be able support: Single decision maker-multiple miners and multiple decision makers-multiple miners. Single Decision Maker-Multiple Miner DSS Processes We have argued in the previous section that a possible configuration of IADSS architecture, namely the single decision maker-single miner form, has severe limitations when it comes to extendibility and the ability to be integrated into an overall organizational decision support framework. However, in many real life cases, the single decision maker situation is still of importance. In today?s organization, there may exist a myriad of organizational information sources on which useful data relationships and patterns may be discovered to support the singular decision maker?s decision process. As a result, the IADSS configuration of a single decision maker with multiple data miners warrants attention and analysis. Under IADSS, the architecture of such a single decision maker, multiple knowledge miners assisted DSS is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. Multi-Agent-based DSS Figure 6. A Multi-Agent-Based GDSS There are three classes of intelligent agents (we call them decision support agents or DS agents) contained within this architecture: Knowledge miners that discover hidden data relations in information sources, user assistants that act as the intelligent interface agents between the decision maker and the IADSS and a knowledge manager with repository support that provides system co-ordination and facilitates knowledge communication. Further details about the functionality and internal structure about each type of agent is elaborated in the next section. Multiple Decision Maker-Multiple Miner-Assisted GDSS Process The single decision maker configuration discussed above can be easily extended into a group decision support system (GDSS) architecture (as seen in Figure 6. by the introduction of additional user assistants for each additional decision maker). Compared to the single decision maker configuration in Figure 5, each user assistant agent is further augmented to provide support for group-based communication between different decision makers. It is important to observe that with the introduction of each additional DS agent; only an extra knowledge communication channel between the new DS agent and the knowledge manager is needed. This enables a manageable linear increase in the number of knowledge communication links corresponding to the increase in the number of agents in the IADSS system, rather than the quadratic increase in the number of direct communication links in a direct agent-to-agent fashion. Furthermore, our proposed IADSS is an open architecture with potential for the integration of future technologies by the incorporation of additional classes of intelligent agents. IADSS architecture at a glance Intelligent Decision Support Agents As described above, there are three types of intelligent agents in an IADSS system: Knowledge miners, user assistants and knowledge managers. This section will provide a more detailed description of such agents and their internal architectures. Knowledge Miners. The role of knowledge miners in IADSS is to actively discover patterns or models about a particular topic which provides support in the decision-making process. There are four components in a knowledge miner. The IADSS interface component manages the communication between the miner and the knowledge manager. When a knowledge miner receives messages that are represented in a common representation, the IADSS interface translates these messages into the local format based on the common vocabulary. On the other hand, when the knowledge miner sends messages out, the IADSS interface translates them into common format first, then sends them to the knowledge manager. In order to carry out the mining task, the necessary control knowledge as well as domain knowledge is kept in the knowledge base component, while the data interface component serves as a gateway to the external information sources. The knowledge discovery is usually done by discovering special patterns of the d ata, i.e. by clustering together data that share certain common properties. For instance, a knowledge miner may find that within this week, a number of stocks are going up. There are two different types of knowledge mining agents, event-driven knowledge miners and tusk-driven knowledge miners. The event-driven knowledge miners are agents that are invisible to the decision makers, and their results may contribute towards the decision-making process. Based on the specification of the IADSS, such event-driven knowledge miners start when the IADSS starts up. When a particular event comes, an agent will start its knowledge mining. Events may be temporal events, e.g. every day at 1 a.m., every hour, etc. Or, events may be constraint-triggered events, e.g. every 10,000 customers, when a certain type of customer reaches lo%, etc. Usually, such event-driven knowledge miners work periodically. They follow a sleep-work-sleep-work cycle and will be destroyed when the entire IADSS system termina tes. On the other hand, task-driven knowledge miners are created for particular data mining tasks based on requests originated by the decision makers. After a knowledge miner completes its task, it sends the mining results to the knowledge manager and is then terminated automatically. From the view point of decision support, knowledge miners play the role of information extractors which discover hidden relationships, dependencies and patterns within the database, whether the information is discovered by an event-driven knowledge miner or a task-driven knowledge miner, which may be utilized as evidence by decision makers within the GDM process. User Assistants. Interaction between a particular decision maker and the IADSS is accomplished through a user assistant agent. The architecture of a user assistant contains four components. The multimedia user interface component manages the interactions with the decision maker such as accepting requests for a task-driven knowledge miner, while the IADSS interface manages the knowledge communication with the knowledge manager. The necessary knowledge such as the common vocabulary, decision history and others are kept in a local knowledge base component. All three components are controlled by an operational component that provides the facility of differencing, multimedia presentation and collaboration. With regard to the role the user assistant plays in the decision process, it enables the decision maker to view the current state of the decision process and to convey his or her own opinions and arguments to the rest of the decision making group. It also enables the decision maker to i ssue requests for task-driven knowledge miners to attempt to discover some particular type of organizational knowledge from business data. The user assistant will then relay the request to the knowledge manager and interpret the mining result if it is deemed appropriate. Knowledge Manager: The knowledge manager provides management and co-ordination control functions over all the agents in the IADSS architecture. The internal component-wide architecture of the knowledge contains four Components: The decision maker interface, the operational facilities, the miner interface and the agent knowledge base that provides support for localized reasoning. From the functional standpoint, the knowledge manager provides the following functionality in the IADSS architecture: Makes decisions concerning the creation and termination of knowledge miners as provided by the miner interface component of the knowledge manager. Mediates requests from user assistants through the decision maker interface, analyzes these requests through the localized knowledge and inference engine and then initiates an appropriate group of task-driven knowledge miners to collaboratively perform the requested task through the miner interface. Mediates the discovered knowledge from knowledge miners (whether it is an event-driven or a task-driven miner), stores the knowledge into the repository for possible future usage and forwards the relevant knowledge to interested decision maker users through the decision-maker interface. Manages and co-ordinates the knowledge transactions with each individual decision support agent such as common vocabulary, available decision topics, existing mining results and strategic knowledge, as provided by the operational facilities component. Manages the synchronization between the collection of decision support agents such as the progress of the task-driven knowledge miners and the notification of the decision makers when crucial knowledge is discovered. Mediates all other types of communication among decision support agents including the communication among user assistants and supports the retrieval of appropriate evidence from the repository by user assistants. In terms of the decision support process, the knowledge manager plays the role of manager and mediator between two decision makers, between the decision maker and the corresponding task-driven miners and between all decision support agents and the repository to address the issue of knowledge sharing. Current prescription process at the hospital The prescription process is shown in Figure 7. This description is based on interviews (questions 1?3 in the interview guideline, Appendix A) and observations by the first author. Figure 7. Current prescription process in the Ekbatan and Boras Hospital (UML activity diagram) The process starts as the physician in charge takes the patients history, performs physical examinations, and reviews available medical documents, including progress notes, laboratory findings, and imaging. These data sources guide the physician(s) to a set of differential diagnoses or a definitive diagnosis, which help the prescriber(s) to select appropriate treatment for the patient. The prescriber will then register medical records

Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essays -- Essays on

Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder It has long been recognized that there are similarities between Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Anorexia Nervosa. These similarities lie in the symptoms of the disorder. Many patients of both diseases report intrusive, fearful thoughts, a compulsive need to perform rituals, and an obsession with maintaining these rituals. In the case of anorexia nervosa these behaviors center on food and thinness whereas in OCD they are of a more general type. Past research has indicated that there is a higher prevalence rate for OCD among anorexia nervosa patients then in the normal population. The lifetime prevalence for OCD has been found to be around 3%. Conversely, the comorbidity rate for OCD and anorexia has been reported to be between 6% and 33%! This leads one to hypothesis that there may be a relationship between OCD and anorexia nervosa. It is not clear yet, based on the present research, what this relationship is. But, there are many studies out there that try to examine the relationship as well as its underlying causes. In this literature review some of this research will be examined and some preliminary conclusions will be drawn. Finally, further research to explore this relationship will be proposed. Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a specific disorder defined in DSM IV. Several classifications must be met for a diagnosis of anorexia to be made. There must be a refusal by the patient to maintain a healthy body weight for their age and height. This behavior must eventually lead to a weight loss in which the body weight falls to less then 85% of the persons ideal body weight. Or the patient can refuse to gain any weight during periods of growth. In wome... ...urther studies are conducted that lead to a better connection between the two disorders, sufferers can be treated more efficiently. Reference Gee, Rebecca, Telew, Nicholas. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and anorexia nervosa in a high school athlete: A case report. Journal of Athletic Training. 1999: 34:375-378 Han L, Nielsen D, Rosenthal N, Jefferson K, Kaye W, Murphy D, Altemus M, Humphries J, Cassano G, Rotondo A, Virkkunen M, Linnoila M, & Goldman D. No coding varient of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene detected in seasonal affective disoder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, and alcoholism. Biological Psychiatry. 1999:45:615-619. Thiel A, Zurger M, Jacoby G, & Shussler G. Thirty month outcome in patients with anorexia or bulimia nervosa and concomitant obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998: 155:244-249.

Noise Pollution Essay -- environment environmental

Noise Pollution Noise pollution is not a necessary price to pay for living in an industrial society. Much can be done to reduce the severity of the problem. For example, vehicles and other machines can be built to produce less noise. Four-cycle engines can replace much noisier two-cycle engines in such products as lawnmowers, motorboats, and jet skis. Labels that indicate the noise levels of appliances and tools can help consumers avoid noisy products and choose quieter alternatives. Even after noise is generated, steps can be taken to reduce human exposure to it. At homes or in offices, insulation of walls and double-glazing of windows can muffle sound from traffic, neighbors, and other sources from the outside world. Sound walls along highways can shield nearby neighborhoods from traffic noise. Individuals should protect themselves with earplugs or mufflike ear protectors, particularly when noise levels exceed 85 decibels. In the industrialized nations, governments have laws and policies to counter noise pollution. In the United States, at least six federal agencies are involved in controlling noise pollution. Since 1969 the FAA has monitored and controlled noise from airplanes. The agency requires that new aircraft meet specified noise standards and that old ones be retrofitted or retired. Local airport authorities, with FAA approval, reduce the impacts of noise pollution by routing flights over water or unpopulated areas on takeoff and landing, and by limiti...

The Cell Essay -- essays research papers

The cell is the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa; others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multi-cellular organisms. Cells range in size from the smallest bacteria-like mycoplasmas, which are 0.1 micrometer in diameter, to the egg yolks of ostriches, which are about 8 cm (about 3 in) in diameter. Although they may differ widely in appearance and function, all cells have a surrounding membrane and an internal, water-rich substance called the cytoplasm, the composition of which differs significantly from the external environment of the cell. Within the cell is genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), containing coded instructions for the behavior and reproduction of the cell and also the chemical machinery for the translation of these instructions into the manufacture of proteins. Viruses are not considered cells because they lack this transla tion machinery; they must parasitize cells in order to translate their own genetic code and reproduce themselves. Cells are of two distinctly different types, prokaryotes and eukaryotes; thus, the living world is divided into two broad categories. The DNA of prokaryotes is a single molecule in direct contact with the cell cytoplasm, whereas the DNA of eukaryotes is much greater in amount and diversity and is contained within a nucleus separated from the cell cytoplasm by a membranous nuclear envelope. Many eukaryotic cells are further divided into compartments by internal membranes in addition to the nuclear envelope, whereas prokaryotic cells never contain completely internal membranes. The prokaryotes include the mycoplasmas, bacteria, and blue-green algae. The eukaryotes comprise all plant and animal cells. In general, plant cells differ from animal cells in that they have a rigid cell wall exterior to the plasma membrane; a large vacuole, or fluid-filled pouch; and chloroplasts that convert light energy to chemical energy for the synthesis of glucose. Structure and Function Cells are composed primarily of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen, the elements that make up the majority of organic compounds. The most important organic compounds in a cell are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides (carbohydrates). The "solid" structures of the cell are co... ...t of cells and cell products. Thus, a whole organism could be understood through the study of its cellular parts. In 1858 the German pathologist Rudolf Virchow's theory, that all cells come from preexisting cells, led to the development of ideas about cell division and cell differentiation. The development in the late 19th century of techniques for staining cell parts enabled scientists to detect tiny cell structures that were not actually seen in detail until the advent of the electron microscope in the 1940s. The development of various advanced optical techniques in the 20th century also increased the detection power of the light microscope for observations of living cells. The study of cells is not limited to describing structures. A central concept in modern cytology is that each structure has a function that may be understood as a series of biochemical reactions. The understanding of these functions has been greatly aided by the development of cell fractionation techniques, using an ultracentrifuge to separate specific intracellular structures from the rest of the cell. Another technique is tissue culture, by which specific kinds of cells can be isolated and grown for study. The Cell Essay -- essays research papers The cell is the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa; others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multi-cellular organisms. Cells range in size from the smallest bacteria-like mycoplasmas, which are 0.1 micrometer in diameter, to the egg yolks of ostriches, which are about 8 cm (about 3 in) in diameter. Although they may differ widely in appearance and function, all cells have a surrounding membrane and an internal, water-rich substance called the cytoplasm, the composition of which differs significantly from the external environment of the cell. Within the cell is genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), containing coded instructions for the behavior and reproduction of the cell and also the chemical machinery for the translation of these instructions into the manufacture of proteins. Viruses are not considered cells because they lack this transla tion machinery; they must parasitize cells in order to translate their own genetic code and reproduce themselves. Cells are of two distinctly different types, prokaryotes and eukaryotes; thus, the living world is divided into two broad categories. The DNA of prokaryotes is a single molecule in direct contact with the cell cytoplasm, whereas the DNA of eukaryotes is much greater in amount and diversity and is contained within a nucleus separated from the cell cytoplasm by a membranous nuclear envelope. Many eukaryotic cells are further divided into compartments by internal membranes in addition to the nuclear envelope, whereas prokaryotic cells never contain completely internal membranes. The prokaryotes include the mycoplasmas, bacteria, and blue-green algae. The eukaryotes comprise all plant and animal cells. In general, plant cells differ from animal cells in that they have a rigid cell wall exterior to the plasma membrane; a large vacuole, or fluid-filled pouch; and chloroplasts that convert light energy to chemical energy for the synthesis of glucose. Structure and Function Cells are composed primarily of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen, the elements that make up the majority of organic compounds. The most important organic compounds in a cell are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides (carbohydrates). The "solid" structures of the cell are co... ...t of cells and cell products. Thus, a whole organism could be understood through the study of its cellular parts. In 1858 the German pathologist Rudolf Virchow's theory, that all cells come from preexisting cells, led to the development of ideas about cell division and cell differentiation. The development in the late 19th century of techniques for staining cell parts enabled scientists to detect tiny cell structures that were not actually seen in detail until the advent of the electron microscope in the 1940s. The development of various advanced optical techniques in the 20th century also increased the detection power of the light microscope for observations of living cells. The study of cells is not limited to describing structures. A central concept in modern cytology is that each structure has a function that may be understood as a series of biochemical reactions. The understanding of these functions has been greatly aided by the development of cell fractionation techniques, using an ultracentrifuge to separate specific intracellular structures from the rest of the cell. Another technique is tissue culture, by which specific kinds of cells can be isolated and grown for study.

Recommendation Essay

Contoh Essay untuk Mengipas Orang Mara Supaya bagi Scholarship   Born in a small family of six and leads a simple life has really taught me, Firdaus Bin Ismail how significant it is to be a knowledgeable person in order to survive in this competitive world. On 20th  of April 1995 at Hospital Sultanah Fatimah, I was born. My respected father, Ismail bin Jaafar is a police officer and my beloved mother, Nor Rafidah binti Mahfudz is a . Being the eldest of three siblings, I have always been taught to be independent and to love both my younger brother and sister equally.Living in a small and discrete town of Simpang Renggam, Kluang, Johor for about 10 years, I adore the simple life in a small town. I received my formal primary education at SK Sri Petaling, Petaling Jaya from 2000 until 2001 before moving to SK Dato Onn Jaafar since 2002 until I sat for my UPSR in 2005. My UPSR result was excellent which was 5A’s. As for to the superb achievement, I was offered to continue my s tudies at SM Sains Johor, Kluang-a cluster school. In 2006, I started my secondary school life in this prestigious institution.In 2008, I sat for my PMR and successfully maintained my perfect achievement by getting 8A’s. Then, I was placed in a good Science-stream class in Form 4 and Form 5. My trial examination result was also flamboyant in which I obtained 5A+’s, 3A’s and 2A-‘s. And for my SPM, praise to Allah, I got a sparkling results of 6A+’s and 4A’s. Now, it is proven that my academic performances are consistent and always tip-top. At school, I was among hundreds of bright students from all edges of Malaysia. This need hard work and big forbearances to stay in front.However, despite all the hardships I needed to face, I managed to shine as the school’s promising gem in all aspects. In addition for the splendid academic performance, I did well in extra-curricular affairs. In the field of sports and games, I was my sport houseâ₠¬â„¢s gold medal prospect in long-distance runs like 400m, 800m, 1500m and cross country. I contributed a new school record in long-distance run and grabbed bronze medal in the MSSD championship. In the uniform bodies, I was the active member of the Fire Brigade and Rescuer Cadet.My highest achievement in this field was when the school’s team managed to won the first runner-up in the Johor Fire Brigade and Rescuer Cadet Foot Drill Competition 2008. However, my achievements in clubs and societies were far better. I participated in the International Star Gazing and Space Camp 2010, Malaysia and Indonesia Regional Pedagogy Course 2010, became the only Johore’s representative in the Pidato Piala Diraja Competition 2009 and 1Malaysia Pidato Competition 2010. I was also an outstanding Bahasa Malaysia debater and represented SM Sains Johor in various debate tournaments at national level.Other than that, I participated in the SBP Kebangsaan Career Carnival and The Star-RHB Sta te Level Mighty Minds Challenge 2010. Besides, I also participated in many leadership programs such as the SBP Kebangsaan House Captain Leadership Course 2010. My role as a leader should not be underestimated. I was chosen as the Head Prefect in my primary school. In SM Sains Johor, I cultivated my leadership skills when I became the school prefect since Form 2 and later on as the Secretariat of the Board of Prefect.I also became the President of Suria House, President of the Bahasa Melayu Debating Club, Vice President of the Computer Club, the Secretary of Bahasa Melayu Society, the Secretary of Pembimbing Rakan Sebaya (PRS), the committee member of Badan Dakwah and Rohani and also as the Prefect Dorm Leader at the boys’ hostel. Elsewhere, I hold the position of AJK Fire Drill in Fire Brigade and Rescuer Cadet, the Secretary of the Chess Club and an active member of the Athletic Club.I was selected to hold these positions due to my high self-confidence, the ability to speak out my ideas in front of the people without fears and my skills in persuading others. Proven, although I was extremely busy in many aspects throughout the year, I was still capable of managing my schedule systematically and coped with stress excellently until I gained huge success all around. HIGHER EDUCATION PLAN As I grow up, I am greatly influenced with medical fields due to many reasons. So, I become interested to be a doctor and anything related to medical fields.In 2009, my friends and I conducted a research about cardiology-related diseases at the famous National Heart Institute (IJN). After we had a long talk with one of the Malay cardiothoracic experts there, my determination was set up. â€Å"I will become Malaysia’s most well-known Malay cardiothoracic expert like him one day! †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why do I set my heart to study medic so much? One of the reasons is because I love to learn Biology and Life Science very much. I am v ery interested to learn about living things, human bodies, the organs, the bones structure, the hormonal activities and also the body mechanisms.It makes me feel closer to the mighty Creator instead of just stunned by the miracles of our bodies. As for me, being a doctor is not only about giving exact treatments to the patients. It comprises the duties to educate people about the importance of maintaining good health and the significances of being free from any diseases. It is also a doctor’s responsibility to ensure that the societies realize about the dangers and risks of various diseases and illnesses thus providing helps to prevent those illnesses.My greatest weakness is that I may easily sympathize when I look at those unlucky people who suffer chronic diseases no matter children, adolescents, or even the elders. I will feel a sudden yearn to help them in any ways so that they can enjoy their precious life as I am enjoying mine. As a caring and loving member of this big society, no one will care if I need to sacrifice my time ,24 hours a day, 7 days a week when I can save the lives of the ill-fated patients? Being a doctor is such a noble job. The earning is profitable too. But yet, the thing I seek the most by being a doctor is the pleasure to treat sick people.I wish and set a high hope that one day I will be able to enter the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences in that university is a large and dynamic faculty. It is rated in the top 1% biomedical universities in the world. This university is established as one of the best universities in this globe. The proof is that the University of Auckland was ranked 47th  among the world’s best Clinical, Pre-clinical and Health universities according to the Times Higher Education World University Ranking for the year 2010 and 2011 plus recognition for being the best university in New Zealand.The Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences aims to improve the health and wellbeing of the local, national and global communities through excellence in teaching, research and service. Over the past three years they have opened the award winning AMRF Medical Sciences Learning Centre, seen significant enhancement of their Advanced Clinical Skills Centre at Mercy Ascot Hospital, and commissioned a suite of new teaching rooms and a large integrated teaching facility. In 2009, the faculty opened the Centre for Brain Research, one of the largest neuroscience research facilities in the Southern Hemisphere.FUTURE CAREER PROSPECT. To show how deep my interest is in this field, I have even sketched and imagined myself 15 years ahead. In the first 6 to 7 years hopefully starting from next year, I will undergo foundations in medical course before continuing my degree in medic. After that, I will receive my first class degree in medic, the MB ChB, which is awarded to medical graduates in New Zealand’s universities. MB ChB stands for Bachelor of Medic ine and Bachelor of Surgery.As a fresh potential graduate, I will serve my country either with the government or any private medical centre in order to complete my fellowship and housemanship training. Then, I will do my Masters in medic, but this time I will specialized in cardiology to pursue my dream of being a cardiologist for another 2 or 3 years. Upon completion, I will become an expert doctor in cardiology or maybe cardiothoracic and serve at the National Heart Institute (IJN). I promised myself to be loyal to my beloved home country and to serve my people no matter how difficult it will be.I am here ready to be recruited as the first Malay and Muslim doctor to become a respected cardiology expert not only in my country but also worldwide. Therefore, I would like to respond to the need of 1 doctor for 500 citizens by 2020 as stated by the government via Health Informatics Centre Planning and Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia. As the population grows and techno logies evolve, the demand for medical expert will always there. By then, Dr. Mohamad Haiqal Hazwan bin Madzian, will be there to ease the burden.

Literature

REGION bakers dozen CARAGA REGION geographic LOCATION neighbourhood XIII or the Caraga Administrative sh be is the untriedest sur nervus range created beneath majority rule procedure No. 7901 powerize on February 23,1995. It consists of the embody politics of Agusan del Norte, Agusan del tire, tireigao del Norte and tireigao del tire. Its cities be Surigao and Butuan. It has a pull down bea of 18,847 sq. kms. Butuan quest and Surigao Strait surrounds it on the conjugation, and the Philippine sea on the east. On the sulfur ar the Davao provinces and Misamis oriental and Bukidnon on the west.Its proximity to opposite growth b edge ining fields frequently(prenominal) as the Cagayan Iligan corridor and the Davao disconnect Economic geographical zvirtuoso is an advantage. POPULATION In 2000, its creation was 2,076,000 with an join on of 6. 42% from its creation of 1,942,687. In 1990, in that respect were 947,199 (51%) and 912,982 females. CULTURAL GROUPS volume of the inha functionants of the vicinity argon of Visayan krisage. The ethnic worrynts h r atomic number 18 the Manobo, the Ma hu spark offswa and new(prenominal) tribes. It is report that du rebound the first age of the Caraga function, its inhabitants came from chief(prenominal) im quality Asia, followed by Malayans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Ameri contri soothees.Migrants from the Visayan and Luzon provinces afterwards(prenominal)wards colonised in the argona. closely of its inhabitants turn to the Cebuano m se space-reflection symmetryte tongue and reside in the clownish argonas. humour The domain in global has no definite ironic season. Rainfall go bys d wizard break through the year with flagitious rains from November to January. Storms cogency occur on the Union and eastern portions erect active the peace-loving Ocean. The peacefulness of the compvirtuosont ar relatively typhoon-free. rude(a) RESOURCES Rich in natural resources, the office has large tracts of res publica available for develop ment.The theatrical role is n one and wholly(a)d for its wood domain found economy, its ext shoe markrs lasted water resources and its gamey mineral deposits much(prenominal)(prenominal) as iron, g senile, silver, nickel, chromite, art objectganese and copper. Its leading crops be palay, banana and coconut. It has slight tourism potentials beca kick the bucketling of its honorable and beautiful beaches, large and fresh seafood, superannuated and historical add mark, calefactive and cold springs, coniferous fo suspensions and balmy weather. FACILITIES The accurate region is attached by coursestead from and to the major commercial, vocation and processing centers of Cagayan de Oro and Davao.Butuan city is being substantial as the regional center with new facilities. in that respect ar secondary seaports and airports in the region. Hi score The Kalagans, called Caragans by the Sp aniards, in terminationeshed the regulate imperturbable of the devil provinces of Surigao, the sumern part of Davao Oriental and eastern Misamis Oriental. The twain Agusan provinces were subsequently organise at a lower place the administrative jurisdiction of Surigao and became the unaffiliated Agusan province in 1914. In 1960, Surigao was carve up into Norte and Sur, and in June 1967, Agusan followed suit.While Butuan be cave in off was rise(p) a townsfolk of Agusan, the record break in the fifties displace art to the battleground. On gilded 2, 1950, by skillfulice of Republic bout 523, the urban center lock of Butuan was sanctioned. It is reportby whom? that during the early historic period of the Caraga region, its inhabitants came from main grime Asia, followed by Malayans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Ameri fr octeters. Migrants from the Visayan and Luzon provinces later colonized in the atomic number 18a. or so of its inhabitants s peak Cebuano and reside in the boorish atomic number 18as. voice communicationSurigaonon is the primary name and address that is inherent to the region, is pop off by 33. 21% of the households, followed by Butuanon by 15% Kawhitethorno, by 7. 06%, and Manobo, by 4. 73%. Cebuano is widely mouth by 33. 79% of the households in the region. The alleviation speak Boholanon, by 5. 87% Hiligayon, by 2. 87% and other(a) dialects by 7. 20%. Surigaonon is a local anaesthetic Philippine wrangle intercommunicate in the provinces of Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur and virtually portion of Agusan del Norte curiously in towns tight Mainit Lake. ReligionThe 1995 census revealed that the governing religion in the region was papistical Catholic, with the creation of 1,397,343 or 79% of the score household population in Caraga. and the 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000% is the population of germs & bacteria. Land mixed bag and Major field uses Of the occur record field of honor, 71. 22% is forestland and 28. 78% is alienable and useable land. Major land uses hold forestland comprising 31. 36% and 23. 98% of outlandish and open spaces. timbre cover is diminish due to shock/poaching. Topography The region is characterized by mountainous areas, immediately and rolling lands.Mountain ranges secernate Agusan and Surigao provinces and sub-ranges se parityte virtually of the lowlands on the pacific Coast. The most cultivatable uncouth area of the region lies along the Agusan River Basin. The famous Agusan fen sits in the mid subsection of Agusan del Sur. Among the lakes in the region, Lake Mainit is the widest. It traverses eighter municipalities Alegria, Tubod, Mainit and Sison in the province of Surigao del Norte and Tubay, Santiago, Jabango and Kitcharao in Agusan del Norte Location and sizing Caraga sphere, situated in the northeast section of Mindanao, is between 8 00 to 10 30 N. atitude and 125 15 to 126 30 E. longitude. It is boun d on the north by the Bohol sea on the federation by the provinces of Davao, Compostela valley and Davao Oriental of field XI on the west by Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental of neighborhood X and on the east by the Philippine ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The region has a radical land area of 18,846. 97 km?. This represents 6. 3% of the bucolics match land area and 18. 5% of the island of Mindanao. 47. 6% of the organic land area of the region belongs to the province of Agusan del Sur. policy-making Map of Caraga pic commonwealth/ city peachy Population Area(km? ) Pop. niggardness (per km? ) Agusan del Norte Cabadbaran urban center 285,570 1,773. 2 161. Agusan del Sur Prosperidad 559,294 8,966. 0 62. 4 Dinagat Islands San Jose 530,281 3,009. 27 176. 22 Surigao del Norte Surigao City 481,416 1,936. 9 175. 8 Surigao del Sur Tandag City 501,808 4,552. 2 110. 2 Tulalang abbreviation In this narration Tulalang was salmagundi and their musical accompaniment was literal(a)ly unequal thats why an old mortal befri sup visualiset him one day slice he was in the forest. After that Tulalang unneurotic with his family induce bass and properly. Although they occasion large they are politic kind. All of their flock consider them. in that respect are numerous enemies wanted to pop them only no one hind end conquer them because of Tulalangs charming ring and his witching(prenominal) leaf blade. deviation from that both Tulalang and his comrade was brave and they are humilitary personnel beingoeuvreed tolerable to crowd their foe hu humankind. They are both competent and promising in marchess of battle.Until the end they provide never be frustrated and they induce more than blotto and powerful. around the Author Eugene Evasco is a member of the adroitness of the Filipino invente section of the College of Arts and Letters, UP Diliman, where he was at one time Assistant Chair. He teaches Araling Pilipino (Fil ipino Stu slip bys) and Panitikang Pambata (Childrens belles-lettres). He in either case serves as the editor of Lagda, a refereed journal create by the Filipino Department of UP. He obtained his PhD in master Writing from the identical University. Evasco has written award-winning stories for children and adults, poetry, and essays in Filipino.In 2005, he was recognized as the National comrade for Childrens illustration by the Likhaan UP Institute of original Writing for his shiny contri simplyion in childrens literary works. The bilgewater Update In English & Filipino with a analysis in Hiligaynon This account statement tells most(predicate) the adventures of Tulalang, larger-than- biography grinder of the Ilianen Manobo in North Cotabato, and his wedlock to the daughter of the cheer and the moon. This book is recommended for lessons on the literature of the lumad of Mindanao, for determine Education and Civics and Culture. It is a Manobo spell up. Manobo or Manuvu fashion person or populate it whitethorn in any case devour been originally Mansuba from man (person or hoi polloi) and suba (river), thus meat river passel. A third lineage is from Banobo, the name of a creek that instanter flows to Pulangi River slightly 2 km downstairs Cotabato City. A one-quarter is from man perceptional state and soul first, aboriginal and tuvu meat grow, growth. Manobo is the hispanized form. The Manobo Belong to the original hold of proto-Philippine or proto-Austronesian plurality who came from South China thousands of old age ago, earlier than the Ifugao and other ter scat-building peoples of the Federal Luzon.Ethnolinguist Ric effortful Elkins(1966)coined the term Proto-Manobo to designate this stock of aboriginal non-Negritoid people of Mindanao. The first Manobo settlers equald in northern Mindanao Camiguin, Cagayan, and near areas of Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental. Subgroups are Agusan-Surigao, Ata, Bagobo, Banwaon, Bl it, Bukidnon, Cotabato(which include the Arumanen, Kirintekan, and Livunganen), Dibabawon, Higaonon, Ilianon, Kulamanen, Manuvu, Matigsalug, Rajah Kabungsuan, Sarangani, Tboli, Tagabawa, Tigwa, Ubo, U mayamnon, and Hesperian sandwich Bukidnon.Manobo styles representative of these groups are Agusanon, Banwaon, Binukid of Mindanao, Cagayano of Cagayancillo Island, Cotabato Manobo, Dibabawon Manobo, Eatern Davao Manobo, Ilianon Manobo, Kidapawan, Kinamigin of Camiguin Island, Livunganen, Magahat, Sarangani Manobo, Southern Cotabato and Davao Manobo, Tasaday, Tagabawa, Tigwa Manobo,, Ubo of the Mt Apo region in Davao, westerly Bukidnon Manobo, and western Cotabato Manobo (Elkins 1966 Olson 1967). astir(predicate) the yarn The tosh of Tulalangs adventures is a guidance to detainment the Manobo culture a perish.The stories jockstrap to revive and handle the values agreement and traditions of the Manobos. Tulalangs biography drool, peculiarly how he get hitched with the dau ghter of the insolatebathe and the moon, contains many magical elements. Because it is a Manobo custom-made for the new-made man to invent pro forma respect to the parents of the four-year-old woman, the newly-weds plan an un cognise trip to lambast the brides parents and bear for their forbearance and guidance. This marks the get down of Tulalangs legendary life. Tungkol sa EpikoSi Tulalang ang bayani ng epiko ng mga Ilianen Manobo sa Hilagang Cotabato. Kilala rin siya ng mga Bagobo bilang Tuwaang. Batay ito sa pagsasalaysay ni Pengenda Mengsenggilid noong Agosto 19, 1977 at pananaliksik ni chromatic J. Wrigglesworht. Ang pagsasalaysay ng pakikipagsapalaran ni Tulalang ay paraan para mapanatiling buhay ang lipunang Manobo. Kasama na rito ang pagpili ng mga salaysay na may tungkulin sa pagpapalaganap ng kanilang mga halagahan at tradisyon. Masalamangka ang buhay ni Tulalang ukol sa kung paano niya napangasawa ang anak ng araw at buwan.Dahil tradisyon sa mga Manobo an g pamamanhikan at paggalang sa magulang ng babae, nagplano ang bagong kasal ng kakaibang paglalakbay para humingi ng basbas at patnubay. Simula pa lamang ito ng maalamat na buhay ni Tulalang. Rekomendado ang aklat na ito sa pag-aaral ng panitikan ng mga Lumad sa Mindanao, sa determine Education, at sa Sibika at Kultura. About the expansive Tulalang is the folk chock of the epic of the Ilianen Monobo in North Cotabato. He is also known as Tuwaang by the Bogobos. This retold story based on the memoir version of Pengenda Mengsenggilid, go out August 19, 1977, and on the research of hazel tree J.Wrigglesworth. The story of Tulalangs adventures is a way to bound the Monobo culture alive. The stories jock revive and aver the values outline and traditions of the Manobos. Tulalangs life story, peculiarly how he matrimonial the daughter of the insolate and the moon, contains magical elements. Because it is a Manobo custom for the teenaged man to pay formal respect to the parents of the young woman, the newly-weds plan an unusual journey to punish the brides parents and remove for their blessing and guidance. This marks the root musical arrangement of Tulalangs legendary life.This book is recommended for lessons on the literature of the Lumads of Mindanao, for determine Education, and Civic and Culture. record The Kalagans, called Caragans by the Spaniards, meshed the zone composed of the two provinces of Surigao, the northern part of Davao Oriental and eastern Misamis Oriental. The two Agusan provinces were later organized nether the administrative jurisdiction of Surigao and became the independent Agusan province in 1914. In 1960, Surigao was divided into Norte and Sur, and in June 1967, Agusan followed suit.While Butuan thus was save a town of Agusan, the put down dilate in the 1950s displace transaction to the area. On August 2, 1950, by meritoriousness of Republic Act 523, the City operate of Butuan was approved. It is reportedby whom ? that during the early years of the Caraga region, its inhabitants came from mainland Asia, followed by Malayans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Ameri abides. Migrants from the Visayan and Luzon provinces later settled in the area. or so of its inhabitants speak Cebuano and reside in the rural areas. InterpretationIn this story we hobo mark that Tulalang is a easily-to-do boy because he becomes full and powerful person. In creation in that respects a people also who are veritablely genial plainly up to now if you become full you should still become immoral because if youre non humble this depart because you trouble. all(prenominal) life of a people may encounter trials but wear thint worry around it because God take int defend us trials that we tail endt fail. Trials own us slopped and from it we female genital organ regain to it our lesson just akin Tulalang even if on that points a lot of enemy want to overcome him he survive because of hi s ratiocination, and he formula his enemy.We should face our trials in order for us to become bullocky and a real person. God is unendingly in our nerve centre we should trust him. We shouldnt depend in miracle al shipway because were non a the the likes of Tulalang that he had magical topics and an old person who table service him to become wealthy we should work threatening by our ego so that we become succeed in pursuing our dreams. We toilette be like Tulalang for having brawny intent and a strong individualisedity but we discountt like him for having a magical social function that encourages us to excite and face for our trials. belles-lettresREGION XIII CARAGA REGION geographic LOCATION Region XIII or the Caraga Administrative Region is the newest region created under Republic Act No. 7901 approved on February 23,1995. It consists of the provinces of Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur. Its cities are Surigao and Butuan . It has a land area of 18,847 sq. kms. Butuan Bay and Surigao Strait surrounds it on the north, and the Philippine ocean on the east. On the South are the Davao provinces and Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon on the west.Its proximity to other growth areas such as the Cagayan Iligan corridor and the Davao Gulf Economic zona is an advantage. POPULATION In 2000, its population was 2,076,000 with an augment of 6. 42% from its population of 1,942,687. In 1990, in that location were 947,199 (51%) and 912,982 females. CULTURAL GROUPS Majority of the inhabitants of the region are of Visayan lineage. The ethnic residents include the Manobo, the Mamanwa and other tribes. It is reported that during the early years of the Caraga region, its inhabitants came from mainland Asia, followed by Malayans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Ameri freighters.Migrants from the Visayan and Luzon provinces later settled in the area. closely of its inhabitants speak the Cebuano dialect and reside in th e rural areas. CLIMATE The region in general has no definite ironic season. Rainfall occurs throughout the year with with child(p) rains from November to January. Storms might occur on the northern and eastern portions facing the Pacific Ocean. The rest of the region are relatively typhoon-free. inbred RESOURCES Rich in natural resources, the region has large tracts of land available for development.The region is noned for its wood based economy, its blanket(a) water resources and its loaded mineral deposits such as iron, gold, silver, nickel, chromite, manganese and copper. Its leading crops are palay, banana and coconut. It has excellent tourism potentials because of its ripe and beautiful beaches, abundant and fresh seafood, quaint and historical landmarks, hot and cold springs, evergreen forests and balmy weather. FACILITIES The entire region is affiliated by roads from and to the major commercial, transaction and processing centers of Cagayan de Oro and Davao.Butuan C ity is being veritable as the regional center with raw facilities. in that respect are secondary seaports and airports in the region. History The Kalagans, called Caragans by the Spaniards, occupied the district composed of the two provinces of Surigao, the northern part of Davao Oriental and eastern Misamis Oriental. The two Agusan provinces were later organized under the administrative jurisdiction of Surigao and became the independent Agusan province in 1914. In 1960, Surigao was divided into Norte and Sur, and in June 1967, Agusan followed suit.While Butuan indeed was just a town of Agusan, the logging boom in the 1950s drew business to the area. On August 2, 1950, by virtue of Republic Act 523, the City Charter of Butuan was approved. It is reportedby whom? that during the early years of the Caraga region, its inhabitants came from mainland Asia, followed by Malayans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Ameri rear ends. Migrants from the Visayan and Luzon provinces later settled in the area. Most of its inhabitants speak Cebuano and reside in the rural areas. LanguageSurigaonon is the primary language that is inherent to the region, is spoken by 33. 21% of the households, followed by Butuanon by 15% Kamayo, by 7. 06%, and Manobo, by 4. 73%. Cebuano is widely spoken by 33. 79% of the households in the region. The rest speak Boholanon, by 5. 87% Hiligayon, by 2. 87% and other dialects by 7. 20%. Surigaonon is a local Philippine language spoken in the provinces of Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur and rough portion of Agusan del Norte in particular in towns near Mainit Lake. ReligionThe 1995 census revealed that the sovereign religion in the region was roman type Catholic, with the population of 1,397,343 or 79% of the tot household population in Caraga. and the 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000% is the population of germs & bacteria. Land Classification and Major land uses Of the total land area, 71. 22% is forestland and 28. 78% is alienable and disposable land. Major land uses include forestland comprising 31. 36% and 23. 98% of agricultural and open spaces. Forest cover is lessen due to encroachment/poaching. Topography The region is characterized by mountainous areas, flat and rolling lands.Mountain ranges divide Agusan and Surigao provinces and sub-ranges separate most of the lowlands along the Pacific Coast. The most productive agricultural area of the region lies along the Agusan River Basin. The famous Agusan marsh sits in the middle of Agusan del Sur. Among the lakes in the region, Lake Mainit is the widest. It traverses eight municipalities Alegria, Tubod, Mainit and Sison in the Province of Surigao del Norte and Tubay, Santiago, Jabango and Kitcharao in Agusan del Norte Location and size Caraga Region, situated in the northeast section of Mindanao, is between 8 00 to 10 30 N. atitude and 125 15 to 126 30 E. longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Bohol Sea on the randomness by the provinces of Davao, Comp ostela Valley and Davao Oriental of Region XI on the west by Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental of Region X and on the east by the Philippine Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The region has a total land area of 18,846. 97 km?. This represents 6. 3% of the countrys total land area and 18. 5% of the island of Mindanao. 47. 6% of the total land area of the region belongs to the province of Agusan del Sur. Political Map of Caraga pic Province/City Capital Population Area(km? ) Pop. slow-wittedness (per km? ) Agusan del Norte Cabadbaran City 285,570 1,773. 2 161. Agusan del Sur Prosperidad 559,294 8,966. 0 62. 4 Dinagat Islands San Jose 530,281 3,009. 27 176. 22 Surigao del Norte Surigao City 481,416 1,936. 9 175. 8 Surigao del Sur Tandag City 501,808 4,552. 2 110. 2 Tulalang compendious In this story Tulalang was kind and their aliveness was really poor thats why an old person tending him one day while he was in the forest. After that Tulalang together with his family become ric h and powerful. Although they become rich they are still kind. All of their people respect them. There are many enemies wanted to smite them but no one stick out conquer them because of Tulalangs magical ring and his magical sword. Aside from that both Tulalang and his chum salmon was brave and they are trained profuse to fight their enemy. They are both versatile and brilliant in terms of battle.Until the end they giveing never be disappointed and they become more strong and powerful. About the Author Eugene Evasco is a member of the energy of the Filipino Department of the College of Arts and Letters, UP Diliman, where he was once Assistant Chair. He teaches Araling Pilipino (Filipino Stu happens) and Panitikang Pambata (Childrens Literature). He also serves as the editor of Lagda, a refereed journal print by the Filipino Department of UP. He obtained his PhD in Creative Writing from the self similar(prenominal) University. Evasco has written award-winning stories for c hildren and adults, poetry, and essays in Filipino.In 2005, he was recognized as the National cranny for Childrens Fiction by the Likhaan UP Institute of Creative Writing for his brilliant contribution in childrens literature. The grade Update In English & Filipino with a summary in Hiligaynon This story tells nigh the adventures of Tulalang, epic submarine sandwich of the Ilianen Manobo in North Cotabato, and his marriage to the daughter of the sun and the moon. This book is recommended for lessons on the literature of the lumad of Mindanao, for determine Education and Civics and Culture. It is a Manobo story. Manobo or Manuvu fashion person or people it may also start out been originally Mansuba from man (person or people) and suba (river), hence meaning river people. A third derivation is from Banobo, the name of a creek that presently flows to Pulangi River more or less 2 km below Cotabato City. A fourth is from man meaning first, aboriginal and tuvu meaning grow, grow th. Manobo is the hispanized form. The Manobo Belong to the original stock of proto-Philippine or proto-Austronesian people who came from South China thousands of years ago, earlier than the Ifugao and other terrace-building peoples of the northern Luzon.Ethnolinguist Richard Elkins(1966)coined the term Proto-Manobo to designate this stock of aboriginal non-Negritoid people of Mindanao. The first Manobo settlers lived in northern Mindanao Camiguin, Cagayan, and some areas of Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental. Subgroups are Agusan-Surigao, Ata, Bagobo, Banwaon, Blit, Bukidnon, Cotabato(which include the Arumanen, Kirintekan, and Livunganen), Dibabawon, Higaonon, Ilianon, Kulamanen, Manuvu, Matigsalug, Rajah Kabungsuan, Sarangani, Tboli, Tagabawa, Tigwa, Ubo, Umayamnon, and western Bukidnon.Manobo languages representative of these groups are Agusanon, Banwaon, Binukid of Mindanao, Cagayano of Cagayancillo Island, Cotabato Manobo, Dibabawon Manobo, Eatern Davao Manobo, Ilianon Manobo, Ki dapawan, Kinamigin of Camiguin Island, Livunganen, Magahat, Sarangani Manobo, Southern Cotabato and Davao Manobo, Tasaday, Tagabawa, Tigwa Manobo,, Ubo of the Mt Apo region in Davao, western Bukidnon Manobo, and western Cotabato Manobo (Elkins 1966 Olson 1967). About the story The story of Tulalangs adventures is a way to keep the Manobo culture alive.The stories help to revive and maintain the values governance and traditions of the Manobos. Tulalangs life story, peculiar(prenominal)ly how he wed the daughter of the sun and the moon, contains many magical elements. Because it is a Manobo custom for the young man to pay formal respect to the parents of the young woman, the newly-weds plan an unusual journey to visit the brides parents and ask for their blessing and guidance. This marks the beginning of Tulalangs legendary life. Tungkol sa EpikoSi Tulalang ang bayani ng epiko ng mga Ilianen Manobo sa Hilagang Cotabato. Kilala rin siya ng mga Bagobo bilang Tuwaang. Batay ito sa pa gsasalaysay ni Pengenda Mengsenggilid noong Agosto 19, 1977 at pananaliksik ni filbert J. Wrigglesworht. Ang pagsasalaysay ng pakikipagsapalaran ni Tulalang ay paraan para mapanatiling buhay ang lipunang Manobo. Kasama na rito ang pagpili ng mga salaysay na may tungkulin sa pagpapalaganap ng kanilang mga halagahan at tradisyon. Masalamangka ang buhay ni Tulalang ukol sa kung paano niya napangasawa ang anak ng araw at buwan.Dahil tradisyon sa mga Manobo ang pamamanhikan at paggalang sa magulang ng babae, nagplano ang bagong kasal ng kakaibang paglalakbay para humingi ng basbas at patnubay. Simula pa lamang ito ng maalamat na buhay ni Tulalang. Rekomendado ang aklat na ito sa pag-aaral ng panitikan ng mga Lumad sa Mindanao, sa determine Education, at sa Sibika at Kultura. About the Epic Tulalang is the folk hero of the epic of the Ilianen Monobo in North Cotabato. He is also known as Tuwaang by the Bogobos. This retold story based on the tale version of Pengenda Mengsenggilid, date d August 19, 1977, and on the research of Hazel J.Wrigglesworth. The story of Tulalangs adventures is a way to keep the Monobo culture alive. The stories help revive and maintain the values system and traditions of the Manobos. Tulalangs life story, special(prenominal)ly how he hook up with the daughter of the sun and the moon, contains magical elements. Because it is a Manobo custom for the young man to pay formal respect to the parents of the young woman, the newly-weds plan an unusual journey to visit the brides parents and ask for their blessing and guidance. This marks the beginning of Tulalangs legendary life.This book is recommended for lessons on the literature of the Lumads of Mindanao, for Values Education, and Civic and Culture. History The Kalagans, called Caragans by the Spaniards, occupied the district composed of the two provinces of Surigao, the northern part of Davao Oriental and eastern Misamis Oriental. The two Agusan provinces were later organized under the adm inistrative jurisdiction of Surigao and became the independent Agusan province in 1914. In 1960, Surigao was divided into Norte and Sur, and in June 1967, Agusan followed suit.While Butuan hence was just a town of Agusan, the logging boom in the 1950s drew business to the area. On August 2, 1950, by virtue of Republic Act 523, the City Charter of Butuan was approved. It is reportedby whom? that during the early years of the Caraga region, its inhabitants came from mainland Asia, followed by Malayans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Americans. Migrants from the Visayan and Luzon provinces later settled in the area. Most of its inhabitants speak Cebuano and reside in the rural areas. InterpretationIn this story we can date stamp that Tulalang is a gilt boy because he becomes rich and powerful person. In mankind on that points a people also who are truly lucky but even if you become rich you should still become humble because if youre not humble this will because you troub le. all life of a people may encounter trials but dont worry about it because God dont give us trials that we cant survive. Trials make us strong and from it we can learn our lesson just like Tulalang even if theres a lot of enemy want to stamp out him he survive because of his determination, and he face his enemy.We should face our trials in order for us to become strong and a real person. God is always in our heart we should trust him. We shouldnt depend in miracle always because were not like Tulalang that he had magical things and an old person who help him to become rich we should work hard by our self so that we become succeed in pursuing our dreams. We can be like Tulalang for having strong determination and a strong personality but we cant like him for having a magical thing that helps us to fight and face for our trials.Literature1) The Story of an minA) Plot The married Mrs. Louise mallard is told her preserve has rund in a train accident. She has a heart condition a nd baffles deep distress over her husbands remnant. soft the grief fades and she begins to feel a aesthesis of relief. Realizing now she does not have to live for anyone else but herself. She can do what she wants when she wants. well(p) as she is overcome with joy about her new and limitless future, her husband walks through the door. There was a mistake and he was not even near the crash, Mrs. mallard dies from her heart condition.B) Narrative Point of belief Omniscient post of view narrates the story. The vote counter knows everything that is happening and what everyone is thinking in the story.C) Characters Mrs. & Mr. mallard are the main characters. Josephine and Richard are the twosomes friends.D) modal value She makes interest use of the Omniscient horizontal surface of view. Most stories featuring this particular narrative style become bore and predictable. nonetheless, in this particular compendious story the omniscient fabricator has a bit of a sense of humor and timing, retentiveness the most Copernican information (that Mr. mallard did not die in the accident) well hidden until the end of the story. There is also a bit of caustic remark that Mrs. Mallard dreams of freedom end in her death which is another form of freedom. It is important to point out that Mrs. Mallard does not die from joy but from sadness having to go back to living and submitting to her husband again.E) climb The bulk of the story takes place physically in the Mallard house, and Mrs. Mallards room. Much of the text edition of the novel very takes place in Mrs. Mallards mind and thoughts.F) Imagery This story is plumb light on imagery, however the train could remind the reviewer about the anterior motion of life.G) bows Everyone should have the freedom to live life as they want too, it can be a source of swell joy, but the removal of the joy (however brief) can be deadly.1) A Clean light PlaceA) Plot An old man sits in a caf, it is almost closing time. devil servers are serving him, and are anxious to go home. The younger waiter wants to go home to his wife and affectionate bed. The fourth-year waiter has nothing to go home too. The old waiter will probably end up a bar himself by and by work. The old man discusses his discontentment with life, attempted suicide, and his loneliness. The story continues and we see that the old waiter has much of the same feelings of depression and struggles against them each night. The old waiter has lost faith in perfection and he fears what will happen after death.B) Narrative Point of View The point of view of this story is third person. The narrator does not participate in the activeness of the story.C) Characters An old waiter, the main character, and the young waiter.D) Style Hemmingway makes good use of the foil systems. both(prenominal) waiters act as foils to the main character.E) backcloth This short story is primarily set in caf in late evening. Two waiters serve their l ast customers and apprehend to issue in brief.F) Imagery The use of light and begrimed in the story is interesting to prospect at The cafe is clean and well light, the bar however is dirty and dark. The old waiter believes that there is nothing after death so the human race is left in the dark. Light represents what men use to avoid himself from the darkness or the thought of death. This is typical of Hemmingways nihilistic view of the world with no hope and no escape except for what man creates for himself.G) prows The theme of the story is the same thing that run through his other stories there is no god, no meaning in the world, and man moldiness find things to distract him from the horrible truth.2) To an Athlete Dying teen, AE HousmanA) utterer / Situation The utterer of the rime is soul who knows the jock, perhaps a member of his confederacy who was able to watch the athletes accomplishments. The rime reads like a speech read at a funeral, though it is neve r return if that is the intended purpose. The speaker directly addresses the dead athlete. The situation of the verse is a young vibrant athlete has passed away and the speaker in the poem is weighty the audience that is better to die in the flower of your life then to peak and decline in your older years. It is clear from the lines of the poem that the speaker must have had his fair share of glorious moments but no longer can achieve them.B) news show Choice In stanza one the speaker take to tasks about the athlete was revered and well loved, and how the town cheered for his victories. The dictation of the first stanza sounds like a cheerleading cheer with a AABB rhyme turning away race, place and by, high.C) Figurative Language The author uses euphemisms for death in the poem the road all runners come, threshold, shady night, and shade alternatively of directly addressing death.D) Imagery N/AE) Symbols N/AF) Other The poem carries a certain amount of irony while the poem is about a young man dying, it is supposed to be sad but the speaker speaks about how great it is to die in the prime of your life.G) social organisation The poem has a very monotonous tone with rhymed couplets. This particular structure creates music for the poem much like a death march.H) Theme The briefness of life and fame. Housman compares the two and shows are each is brief and should be cute while they last.2) fixation Wall, Robert FrostA) utterer / Situation The speaker of the poem is one of two neighbors who are having a departure over the building of a border between their properties.B) Figurative Language C) joint Choice Frost uses casual language and a friendly tone to consume the feeling of poem. The speaker seems very friendly and honest, and immediately the contributor feels like he is an old friend.D) Imagery Frost breathes life into the cold New England landscape which offers a great backdrop to this poem.E) Symbols Frost uses the fable of ston es to represent anything that comes between two people. Whether it is emotion or inanimate objects. The hem in embodies this disengagement and invades every inter run they with each other. The wall represents control and limitation.F) Other N/AG) building N/AH) Theme One of the major themes in The Mending Wall is the cycles of the seasons. Many phrases refer to the seasons , in cyclic way spring mending-time, set ground-swell, once again, spring is the mischief in me. Isolation is another theme. The poem comments on the character of conjunction , how we interact with each, and how society functions as a whole. Often in society we do not meet that we build walls between us, No one has seen them made or heard them made.2) The Tyger, William BlakeA) loudspeaker system / Situation This poem is about the nature of creation, unlike his other poems this one takes on the depiction of the dark side of creation. It has some pretty intense religious overtones.B) Word Choice Each l ine ends in a perfect rhyme.C) Figurative Language N/AD) Imagery N/AE) Symbols The Tyger is the representation creation, the process of creation, and the creator. He is fierce, strong, cunning, and if he wants to be deadly. Comparing this to God, the creator of the universe.F) Other There are several(prenominal) contrasting words burning vivid night shows the visual impact of the tyger, hand eye contrast practical skill and art, deeps skies contrasts the depths of the universe and the good and evil at bottom that universe.G) Structure Six four line stanzas or six quartrains in rhymed couplets. Most of the lines contain seven syllables. There iH) Theme Man-made phenomena (inventions), their purposes and unwanted effects, e.g. technical progress, nuclear power etc. Reflect on religious aspects is there an almighty God? Does he reconcile the control of nature, its creatures and man-made evils?3) Definitions reverting unthought series of events which causes the action i n a narrative to switch direction acknowledgement when a character agnises the error of his ways and attempted to make it ripe tragical Flaw a personality defect of the hero, which causes the character to make choices which seals their fate translation background information before the action of the story begins acclivitous Action general introduction of characters and setup for the climaxCrisis when the main character decides what she/he will do and commits to it.Climax is the turning point of the story dissolving agent when loosen up ends are fasten up and characters reflect on what happened and what they versed3) AntigoneExposition Polyneices and Eteocles are two brother who fight on the opposite sides of a war. They have both died in battle. The new leader of Creon commands that Eteocles will be prestigious but Polyneices will not be. travel Action Polyneices will not be addicted a holy burial, and the animals will eat him. Antigone and Ismene are the babys o f the dead brothers. Antigone plots with Ismere to vitiate Polyneices. Ismene refuses to help because if they are caught disobeying they will be put to death.Crisis Antigone becomes this tragedys hero and is going to bury Polyneices himself. Creon finds out the body has been hide and orders the sentry to seek out the person who buried him. He soon locates Antigone. She does not deny what she did. Soon her sister is also taken. The sisters are locked up temporarily. Haemon who is Creons son, and the Antigones fiance promises his grow his alliance.Haemon tries to talk his father out of cleanup Antigone but when he refuses, Haemon fights with his father. Creon imprisons Antigone in a cave. Teiresias, the seer warns that the gods will be unhappy with Creon if he continues to hold Antigone. The prophet tells Creon that he will lose his children, Greece will dispie him, and the offerings made by Thebes will not be pass judgment gy the gods.Climax Creon decides to free Antigone and bury Polyneices. However he is too late, he gets whole tone that Haemon and Antigone have both killed themselves. Upon hearing the news, Creons wife Eurydice kills herself.Resolution Creon realizes that everything that has happened to him he causes himself. He knows his actions were wrong and the Gods did not approve.Reversal and science Antigone and Creon fight over whether or not it is morally right to bury Polyneices properly. Reversal occurs when Creon is told that his children will die, and he will loose the respect of Greece. perception comes when Creon takes the adivce of counsel and attempts to make things right by letting Antigone go and burying Polyneices.Tragic Flaw Antigones tragic flaw is her own arrogance. She insists she is right and must bury Polneices, and even after she is caught she continues to plead her case Creon by telling him he wrong and she is right.Tragedy Themes and Structure Antigone chooses to bury Polynecies and in doing so has true her punis hed and fate of being buried alive. Creon chooses to not bury Polyneices and chooses to cave up Antigone in doing so, even though he is counseled not to he seals his fate of loosing everything he values in the world.3) hamletRising Action crossroads is the son of Denmark who has tardily been died. critical points uncle (Claudius) then marries crossroadss mother (Gertrude). juncture thinks that Claudius might have killed his father to become the kind of Denmark. small towns fathers ghost appears to two officers and eventually Hamlet himself. The ghost tells Hamlet that Claudius did kill his father.Crisis Hamlet then begins to plot to avenge his fathers death. Hamlet begins to act like a madman, and it isnt entirely clear if he is truly insane or just pretending. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, friends of Hamlet, are sent to fleck on him by Gertrude. Claudius hurls Hamlet to England, and tells Ophelia (who may be in a blood with Hamlet) not to associate with Hamlet any longer. Climax Before leaving Hamlet puts on a play re-enacting the pooves death in hopes of get Claudius to admit to the strike. Instead he becomes enraged.Resolution Hamlets mother tries to causal agency with Hamlet. Polonius, Ophelias father, spies on them, and Hamlet kills him. Claudius does send Hamlet to England with secret orders to have Hamlet killed. But Hamlet finds out and is not killed. Ophelia ends up going man and killing herself. Hamlet is captured by pirates and is returned to Claudius. Claudius arranges a sword fight between Hamlet and Laertes. Hoping Laertes will kill Hamlet with a acerbate sword tip.The victory cup is also poisoned just in case Laertes is not successful. . During the fight the poison drink is offered to Hamlet, who declines and the sprite ends up drinking it, and dies. Hamlet switches swords with Laertes, who then dies. As he dies he admits Claudius did bump off the pouf of Denmark. Laertes dies, Hamlet stabs and kills Claudius and Hamlet dies.R ecognition and Reversal When Hamlet re-enacts his fathers death in the play preformed in front of Claudius and Gertrude is the unexpected event that cause Claudius to realize that Hamlet does know that he is responsible for his fathers murder. Claudius recognizes that he must get rid of Hamlet if he wants to continue to be the poof of Denmark.Tragic Flaw Hamlets tragic flaw is that he is leal and is consumed with avenging his fathers murder.Tragedy Themes and Structure When Hamlet decides to avenge his fathers death he is also judge his fate of a similar end. He knows he must murder, and also die to make right the wrongs that were committed against his father, the King of Denmark. When Clauidius and Gertrude choose to betray the king and murder him, they choose their fate to die just like the King. They do not realize their fate until after Hamlet performs his play.4) biographical searing Theory Understanding the accounting of an author is extremely important in understand ing the reasons why he wrote, the way he wrote, and what he was trying to communicate in his writing. Biographical information can be very expansive coating the life and times of an author and his / her views on multiple topics. It can also be very specific and center only on key plot points in the text. For example understanding Hemmingways life he was an alcoholic, he was in institution War II, and womanizer certainly can shed light on his short story A Clean lighted Place. Without that biographical information the story makes very little sense.4) Deconstructive Critical Theory deconstruction is a movement in literary criticism that questions traditional assumptions of identity, truth, and certainty. Critics using this order believe that text contains no meaning. content only exists in the minds of the reader. This is extremely interesting approach and explains while two students interpret the same break up of text can have different views about what the poem is about an d what the author was trying to take in to the reader.The readers past experience greatly effects the meaning he may draw from a piece of literature. The poem To an Athlete Dying Young by AE Housman, can be construe in many different ways. some(prenominal) people believe that the poem is an actual eulogy, a fathers thoughts about the lost of his son, a man utter to himself as a young man, etc. The views arent based on the text but on the meaning that the reader draws from that text. Without deconstructive critical theory we would have to comply the traditional view that this poem is a eulogy.5) I think Historical Critical Theory is the most limited. I do think it is important to understand the historical context a piece of literature is written in. It is also important to have a general information about the details of specific historical events of that given time period. However, I think that the reader often gets bogs down in annals and misses parts of the prose that are rea lly important like dictation, metaphor, rhyme, irony, and most importantly personal experience.For example in Chopins The Story of an Hour, the reader could research the historic events that occurred in the late 19th century. We could take note of the relationship between men and women this time, and write a whole paper about relationships and the dominance of women in the time period. In doing that the reader misses the humor, the sharp ironic edge, the wit, and the social satire Chopin so skillfully employs.LiteratureREGION XIII CARAGA REGION GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Region XIII or the Caraga Administrative Region is the newest region created under Republic Act No. 7901 approved on February 23,1995. It consists of the provinces of Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur. Its cities are Surigao and Butuan. It has a land area of 18,847 sq. kms. Butuan Bay and Surigao Strait surrounds it on the north, and the Philippine Sea on the east. On the South are the Davao provinces and Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon on the west.Its proximity to other growth areas such as the Cagayan Iligan corridor and the Davao Gulf Economic Zone is an advantage. POPULATION In 2000, its population was 2,076,000 with an increase of 6. 42% from its population of 1,942,687. In 1990, there were 947,199 (51%) and 912,982 females. CULTURAL GROUPS Majority of the inhabitants of the region are of Visayan lineage. The ethnic residents include the Manobo, the Mamanwa and other tribes. It is reported that during the early years of the Caraga region, its inhabitants came from mainland Asia, followed by Malayans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Americans.Migrants from the Visayan and Luzon provinces later settled in the area. Most of its inhabitants speak the Cebuano dialect and reside in the rural areas. CLIMATE The region in general has no definite dry season. Rainfall occurs throughout the year with heavy rains from November to January. Storms might occur on t he northern and eastern portions facing the Pacific Ocean. The rest of the region are relatively typhoon-free. NATURAL RESOURCES Rich in natural resources, the region has large tracts of land available for development.The region is noted for its wood based economy, its extensive water resources and its rich mineral deposits such as iron, gold, silver, nickel, chromite, manganese and copper. Its leading crops are palay, banana and coconut. It has excellent tourism potentials because of its unspoiled and beautiful beaches, abundant and fresh seafood, ancient and historical landmarks, hot and cold springs, evergreen forests and balmy weather. FACILITIES The entire region is connected by roads from and to the major commercial, trading and processing centers of Cagayan de Oro and Davao.Butuan City is being developed as the regional center with modern facilities. There are secondary seaports and airports in the region. History The Kalagans, called Caragans by the Spaniards, occupied the d istrict composed of the two provinces of Surigao, the northern part of Davao Oriental and eastern Misamis Oriental. The two Agusan provinces were later organized under the administrative jurisdiction of Surigao and became the independent Agusan province in 1914. In 1960, Surigao was divided into Norte and Sur, and in June 1967, Agusan followed suit.While Butuan then was just a town of Agusan, the logging boom in the 1950s drew business to the area. On August 2, 1950, by virtue of Republic Act 523, the City Charter of Butuan was approved. It is reportedby whom? that during the early years of the Caraga region, its inhabitants came from mainland Asia, followed by Malayans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Americans. Migrants from the Visayan and Luzon provinces later settled in the area. Most of its inhabitants speak Cebuano and reside in the rural areas. LanguageSurigaonon is the primary language that is inherent to the region, is spoken by 33. 21% of the households, followed b y Butuanon by 15% Kamayo, by 7. 06%, and Manobo, by 4. 73%. Cebuano is widely spoken by 33. 79% of the households in the region. The rest speak Boholanon, by 5. 87% Hiligayon, by 2. 87% and other dialects by 7. 20%. Surigaonon is a local Philippine language spoken in the provinces of Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur and some portion of Agusan del Norte especially in towns near Mainit Lake. ReligionThe 1995 census revealed that the dominant religion in the region was Roman Catholic, with the population of 1,397,343 or 79% of the total household population in Caraga. and the 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000% is the population of germs & bacteria. Land Classification and Major land uses Of the total land area, 71. 22% is forestland and 28. 78% is alienable and disposable land. Major land uses include forestland comprising 31. 36% and 23. 98% of agricultural and open spaces. Forest cover is decreasing due to encroachment/poaching. Topography The region is characterized by mountainous areas, flat and rolling lands.Mountain ranges divide Agusan and Surigao provinces and sub-ranges separate most of the lowlands along the Pacific Coast. The most productive agricultural area of the region lies along the Agusan River Basin. The famous Agusan Marsh sits in the middle of Agusan del Sur. Among the lakes in the region, Lake Mainit is the widest. It traverses eight municipalities Alegria, Tubod, Mainit and Sison in the Province of Surigao del Norte and Tubay, Santiago, Jabango and Kitcharao in Agusan del Norte Location and size Caraga Region, situated in the northeast section of Mindanao, is between 8 00 to 10 30 N. atitude and 125 15 to 126 30 E. longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Bohol Sea on the south by the provinces of Davao, Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental of Region XI on the west by Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental of Region X and on the east by the Philippine Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The region has a total land area of 18,846. 97 km?. This represents 6. 3% of the countrys total land area and 18. 5% of the island of Mindanao. 47. 6% of the total land area of the region belongs to the province of Agusan del Sur. Political Map of Caraga pic Province/City Capital Population Area(km? ) Pop. Density (per km? ) Agusan del Norte Cabadbaran City 285,570 1,773. 2 161. Agusan del Sur Prosperidad 559,294 8,966. 0 62. 4 Dinagat Islands San Jose 530,281 3,009. 27 176. 22 Surigao del Norte Surigao City 481,416 1,936. 9 175. 8 Surigao del Sur Tandag City 501,808 4,552. 2 110. 2 Tulalang Summary In this story Tulalang was kind and their livelihood was really poor thats why an old person help him one day while he was in the forest. After that Tulalang together with his family become rich and powerful. Although they become rich they are still kind. All of their people respect them. There are many enemies wanted to defeat them but no one can conquer them because of Tulalangs magical ring and his magical sword. Aside from that both Tu lalang and his brother was brave and they are trained enough to fight their enemy. They are both skilled and brilliant in terms of battle.Until the end they will never be defeated and they become more strong and powerful. About the Author Eugene Evasco is a member of the faculty of the Filipino Department of the College of Arts and Letters, UP Diliman, where he was once Assistant Chair. He teaches Araling Pilipino (Filipino Studies) and Panitikang Pambata (Childrens Literature). He also serves as the editor of Lagda, a refereed journal published by the Filipino Department of UP. He obtained his PhD in Creative Writing from the same University. Evasco has written award-winning stories for children and adults, poetry, and essays in Filipino.In 2005, he was recognized as the National Fellow for Childrens Fiction by the Likhaan UP Institute of Creative Writing for his brilliant contribution in childrens literature. The Story Update In English & Filipino with a summary in Hiligaynon This story tells about the adventures of Tulalang, epic hero of the Ilianen Manobo in North Cotabato, and his marriage to the daughter of the sun and the moon. This book is recommended for lessons on the literature of the lumad of Mindanao, for Values Education and Civics and Culture. It is a Manobo story. Manobo or Manuvu means person or people it may also have been originally Mansuba from man (person or people) and suba (river), hence meaning river people. A third derivation is from Banobo, the name of a creek that presently flows to Pulangi River about 2 km below Cotabato City. A fourth is from man meaning first, aboriginal and tuvu meaning grow, growth. Manobo is the hispanized form. The Manobo Belong to the original stock of proto-Philippine or proto-Austronesian people who came from South China thousands of years ago, earlier than the Ifugao and other terrace-building peoples of the northern Luzon.Ethnolinguist Richard Elkins(1966)coined the term Proto-Manobo to designate this stock of aboriginal non-Negritoid people of Mindanao. The first Manobo settlers lived in northern Mindanao Camiguin, Cagayan, and some areas of Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental. Subgroups are Agusan-Surigao, Ata, Bagobo, Banwaon, Blit, Bukidnon, Cotabato(which include the Arumanen, Kirintekan, and Livunganen), Dibabawon, Higaonon, Ilianon, Kulamanen, Manuvu, Matigsalug, Rajah Kabungsuan, Sarangani, Tboli, Tagabawa, Tigwa, Ubo, Umayamnon, and western Bukidnon.Manobo languages representative of these groups are Agusanon, Banwaon, Binukid of Mindanao, Cagayano of Cagayancillo Island, Cotabato Manobo, Dibabawon Manobo, Eatern Davao Manobo, Ilianon Manobo, Kidapawan, Kinamigin of Camiguin Island, Livunganen, Magahat, Sarangani Manobo, Southern Cotabato and Davao Manobo, Tasaday, Tagabawa, Tigwa Manobo,, Ubo of the Mt Apo region in Davao, western Bukidnon Manobo, and western Cotabato Manobo (Elkins 1966 Olson 1967). About the Story The story of Tulalangs adventures is a way to keep the Manob o culture alive.The stories help to revive and maintain the values system and traditions of the Manobos. Tulalangs life story, particularly how he married the daughter of the sun and the moon, contains many magical elements. Because it is a Manobo custom for the young man to pay formal respect to the parents of the young woman, the newly-weds plan an unusual journey to visit the brides parents and ask for their blessing and guidance. This marks the beginning of Tulalangs legendary life. Tungkol sa EpikoSi Tulalang ang bayani ng epiko ng mga Ilianen Manobo sa Hilagang Cotabato. Kilala rin siya ng mga Bagobo bilang Tuwaang. Batay ito sa pagsasalaysay ni Pengenda Mengsenggilid noong Agosto 19, 1977 at pananaliksik ni Hazel J. Wrigglesworht. Ang pagsasalaysay ng pakikipagsapalaran ni Tulalang ay paraan para mapanatiling buhay ang lipunang Manobo. Kasama na rito ang pagpili ng mga salaysay na may tungkulin sa pagpapalaganap ng kanilang mga halagahan at tradisyon. Masalamangka ang buhay n i Tulalang ukol sa kung paano niya napangasawa ang anak ng araw at buwan.Dahil tradisyon sa mga Manobo ang pamamanhikan at paggalang sa magulang ng babae, nagplano ang bagong kasal ng kakaibang paglalakbay para humingi ng basbas at patnubay. Simula pa lamang ito ng maalamat na buhay ni Tulalang. Rekomendado ang aklat na ito sa pag-aaral ng panitikan ng mga Lumad sa Mindanao, sa Values Education, at sa Sibika at Kultura. About the Epic Tulalang is the folk hero of the epic of the Ilianen Monobo in North Cotabato. He is also known as Tuwaang by the Bogobos. This retold story based on the narrative version of Pengenda Mengsenggilid, dated August 19, 1977, and on the research of Hazel J.Wrigglesworth. The story of Tulalangs adventures is a way to keep the Monobo culture alive. The stories help revive and maintain the values system and traditions of the Manobos. Tulalangs life story, particularly how he married the daughter of the sun and the moon, contains magical elements. Because it i s a Manobo custom for the young man to pay formal respect to the parents of the young woman, the newly-weds plan an unusual journey to visit the brides parents and ask for their blessing and guidance. This marks the beginning of Tulalangs legendary life.This book is recommended for lessons on the literature of the Lumads of Mindanao, for Values Education, and Civic and Culture. History The Kalagans, called Caragans by the Spaniards, occupied the district composed of the two provinces of Surigao, the northern part of Davao Oriental and eastern Misamis Oriental. The two Agusan provinces were later organized under the administrative jurisdiction of Surigao and became the independent Agusan province in 1914. In 1960, Surigao was divided into Norte and Sur, and in June 1967, Agusan followed suit.While Butuan then was just a town of Agusan, the logging boom in the 1950s drew business to the area. On August 2, 1950, by virtue of Republic Act 523, the City Charter of Butuan was approved. It is reportedby whom? that during the early years of the Caraga region, its inhabitants came from mainland Asia, followed by Malayans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Americans. Migrants from the Visayan and Luzon provinces later settled in the area. Most of its inhabitants speak Cebuano and reside in the rural areas. InterpretationIn this story we can see that Tulalang is a lucky boy because he becomes rich and powerful person. In reality theres a people also who are very lucky but even if you become rich you should still become humble because if youre not humble this will because you trouble. Every life of a people may encounter trials but dont worry about it because God dont give us trials that we cant survive. Trials make us strong and from it we can learn our lesson just like Tulalang even if theres a lot of enemy want to defeat him he survive because of his determination, and he face his enemy.We should face our trials in order for us to become strong and a real person. God is always in our heart we should trust him. We shouldnt depend in miracle always because were not like Tulalang that he had magical things and an old person who help him to become rich we should work hard by our self so that we become succeed in pursuing our dreams. We can be like Tulalang for having strong determination and a strong personality but we cant like him for having a magical thing that helps us to fight and face for our trials.