Alzheimers disease Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alzheimers complaint - Term radical Example1). In fact, Alzheimers affection happens to be the most common form of dementia in this nation. Dementia in fact happens to be a large set covering a run away of illnesses that involve deterioration of the nerve cells or a loss of their ability to work normally. Alzheimers distemper is a serious condition that renders the patient incapable of performing the most basic of bodily activities homogeneous swallowing and walking. The irony is that Alzheimers disease in the long run eventually ends up being fatal.though it is a still quiet difficult to explain as to how the Alzheimers disease process begins, it would be safe to say that the damage to the nerve cells in this disease begins a decade or more than before the actual symptoms begin to appear (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). In the preclinical stage the patients in the Alzheimers disease tend to appear normal, however, the toxic alterations and changes in the brain do tend to start much earlier. The disease is characterized by abnormal deposits of proteins leading to the formation of tau tangles and amyloid plaques allover in the brain (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). Thereby the neurons which happened to be early healthier, begin to function in an abnormal manner. In the long run the neurons begin to lose the ability to work and communicate with each other, eventually leading to their death. Gradually the disease spreads to the hippocampus fracture of the brain, which is the repository of memories (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). With the gradual demise of neurons, the parts of brain proceed to shrink. In the long run the damage grows over to be widespread leading to a significant shrinking of the brain tissue (Newport & Hirsch, 2011). Alzheimers disease actually happens to be a progressive brain disease marked by symptoms homogeneous memory changes that disrupt normal life, confusions pertaining to time and place, difficulty in accomplishing even the most basic of

GRAMMAR PROJECT 3 - designing a variety of materials that focus Research Paper

GRAMMAR PROJECT 3 - designing a variety of materials that commission learners attention on and practice a specific grammar point. (p - Research Paper role modelIn this case, the patient is described as item or person that is surveyed to action. This differs from the active go where the subject is presented to bear the role of the agent. The utilization of passive and active voices is aimed at creating flexibility in the performion of sentences (Azar 2005, p 34). The utilization of passive voice creates an allowance for speakers to organize discourse stretches through placement of the figures, instead of agents, in the slope of the subjects. Passive voice is also utilized to deliberately avoid specification of the action or the agent. Clearly, passive voice occupies a icy position in grammar. This material is set to guide and focus the learners attention towards mastering passive voice. Proposed Learning context This material is suitable for learners in the ages between 15 and 16. It is most appropriate for learners in the intermediate stages, where learners have mastered basic vocabulary and can construct simple sentences effectively. For these learners, learning English grammar allow for involve constructing sentences from active to passive voice. Prerequisite The only essential skill that students should possess is to know the verb, object, subject complex body part entailed in a simple sentence. Areas of Focus at that place argon various aspects that are central to processes of understanding passive voice, as a grammar point and which learners will need to know. The aspects of particular interest include definition of passive voice, the basic structure of passive voice sentences and the context of application of passive voice. Thus, this material acknowledges that grammar, fluency/meaning and pragmatics/context are crucial and would be given uttermost consideration. CHAPTER 2 LEARNING PASSIVE VOICE Understanding passive voice In these sessions, le arners are supposed to understand the meaning of passive voice. At the end of the session, learners should be in the position to distinguish between passive and active voice through basic definition. Underlying vocabularies, such as passivization, would be introduced. Passivization is the process of converting an active sentence into a passive i. There are other pivotal elements that need to be covered under the definition of passive voice and this include the basic structure of passive voice sentences and the context of application of passive voice. Common problems in Learning Passive It is authoritative to single out common challenges encountered in the learning passive voice so that learners can bank note and overcome. Students will have problems in the use of passive form in production practical. There are three dimension of passive voice learning challenges form (grammar), meaning (fluency), use (pragmatics/ context). In particular, one of the main challenges that should be singled out is the use of form, considering that formation of passive voice sentences is mechanical. There is always the variety in focusing between passive and active voices, but the meaning often remains the same. another(prenominal) problem that should be single out is that students might be inclined to placing the subjects of the passive sentences following the participial as they have been conditioned to considering objects to come after the verb. Learners may also have a solid task in to distinguish passive voice from present perfect active. Learners may alternate /d/ for /t/ in certain participle finishing with verbs

Dams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dams - Essay ExampleThe quality of the material that is existence used in dykes has drastically changed and includes material like cement and stone so that the dam burn withhold the pressure (Lemprire, 2013). As time passed by, it was seen that dams provided an ideal storage of water along with other benefits only if with these benefits it also became clear that dams had their own disastrous effects too. This essay will revolve around the Ilisu dam and conclude if the advantages of building the dam outweigh the disadvantages that it toilette pose.Ilisu dam is built at an ideal status and can help to ensure a promiscuous environment for the people who are living around. The clean environment here refers to the decrease in water pollution because of the dam (TMFA, 2011). Ilisu dam is being constructed on the technique of a hydroelecticity and does not include irrigation in its plan this can help to ensure that the Tigris river is not polluted as the returning water would be clea n as it should be. Along with the dam, a zeal for the treatment of sewerage is also being developed so that the puzzle of eutrophication can be avoided (Bosshard, 2000). The problem of green bear gas emission has long been debated with the development of new technology, but with Ilisu dam it can be said that the environment is safe as it would be run by hydro-electricity and green house gases would indeed not be emitted in any form (European Commission, 2014). The dam not only provides a safe environment for the people of Turkey but it can also help the people to reform their lifestyle. This can be achieved by preserving the Hasankeyf town of Turkey which had been partially destroyed by floods (TMFA, 2011). It can hence be said that the dam can provide a lot of advantages to the locals of the area if it is built accordingly.On the contrary, the dam has a lot of disadvantages too which

The Approaches to Environmental Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Approaches to Environmental Ethics - Essay ExampleAs it tackles the natural environs, deep environmental science concerns itself with all organisms both plants and animals within the biosphere and promotes equality, particularly in regard to the right to live of all organisms as a fundamental value. The deep ecology approaches to environmental ethics include self realization, biocentrism or anti-anthropocentrism as these ecologists espouse democracy in the biosphere among all organisms within (Devall etc 1995, p67).Self-realization beyond the concept of the modern western sandwich self or for a narrow sense of individual salvation and that it supposedly has further adulthood as it goes further than the egocentric cultural assumptions, values and conventional wisdom in its treatment of the environment (Devall etc 1995, p67). The main argument of the biocentric approach, meanwhile, is that all things in the biosphere have an equal right to live and blossom and to reach out th eir own individual forms of unfolding and self-realization within the larger Self-realization (Devall etc 1995, p67).

Discuss the role of the courage of children in both Little Woman and Essay

talk about the role of the courage of children in both miniscule Woman and appraise Island - Essay ExampleTreasure Island reflects a deep anxiety about the power imbalance that complicates the adult author-child reader relationship Stevenson worries that the authors of endanger stories aim to indoctrinate and exploit youngsters like his impressionable boy hero (Gubar, 2009, pp126-127).Furthermore, both Treasure Island and Little Women were written in the 19th century, which has been labelled the Golden Age of children literature (Gubar, 2009). In considering the novels in their diachronic context, Gubars observation underlines the changing approach of authors to childrens literature towards the end of the nineteenth century in portraying childhood and growing up. A central element of this is through the subversion of societal norms associated with children with the practice of strength. For example, in Treasure Island, the novels central protagonist Jim Hawkins relays the journ ey of pirates and hidden treasure and the write up is rich with action of childhood adventure, which is infused with adult themes such as morality, alcoholism and murder (Jones, 2003).Moreover, it is submitted that Jims component part arguably fuses the universal quest for adventure conventionally associated with childhood with serious issues impacting child development, development in growing up. This is exemplified by the characterisation of Jim as a boy man in taking the Hispaniola to she-bop the buried treasure the scheme had an air of adventure that inspired me, and the thought of the water breaker beside the bowknot companion doubled my growing courage (Stevenson, 1883, p.196).Similarly, Alcotts Little Women also subverts the contextual norms associated with children growing up, which is arguably attributable to Alcotts difficult childhood (Clark 2005, p.213). Indeed, Alcott utilises the familiarity of domesticity associated with girls and subverts this to underline the co mplex issues impacting childrens lives, which was contextually

Post Soviet Eurasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post Soviet Eurasia - Essay utilizationSpeaking about the collapse of the Soviet Union, it is important to note that the its main reason was killing of formal regime by the crisis, caused by the internal contradictions of the Soviet system and the inability of the Communist Party to split up them. The end of the Soviet Union led to the ethnic and other conflicts that resulted in thousands of victims and became the cause of instant pauperisation of millions of people as well as the development of the widespread criminality and massive loss of manner guidelines. The question of the Post-Soviet reality is more complicated. All former Soviet republics managed to transform themselves into the independent states, which could be merely imagined in 1991. Today the economic situation in these areas is different. Before the beginning of the global economic crisis, almost all countries of the former Soviet Union managed to overcome deep financial default, caused by the collapse and reco nstruction of all-union economy. Most of the armed conflicts that accompanied the collapse of the Soviet Union took place in the Caucasus. The independent countries of the reciprocal ohm Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia are beset by the economic problems, social unrest and territorial disputes (King, Charles, 2008). The origins of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict imposition in the events of the late 1980s, when the activation of the Georgian national movement for the independence from the Union center and the positive actions of its leaders led to a sharp deterioration of relations between Georgians and ethnic minorities (primarily, the Abkhazians and Ossetians, who had their own autonomous education and demanded to enhance their status). In 1992, South Ossetia was an independent state, with its own constitution (adopted in 1993), and state symbols. Georgian authorities continued to accept it as the Tskhinvali region, but they did not take active steps to indicate control over it. In

Week 2 Emergency Management 670 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 2 Emergency Management 670 - Essay ExampleIn closely cases, the emergency manager has to be prepared for all possible circumstances without knowing much rough the actual danger. The greatest risk mitigation scheme available to emergency managers is to master resources before any disaster occurs. Historically, the funding available to local emergency managers was low which caused a multitude of problems when it came to handling expeditious emergencies and disasters (Fagel, 2011). Emergency managers need to emphasise primarily on political strength in order to procure the required resources before a disaster strikes.The second area for focus is planning that result from photo assessments. The emergency manager has to keep an eye out for what kind of situations his team might have to face. some threats may be common such as the risk of terrorist attacks and other risks may be confined to a particular geographical region. For example, emergency managers in Alaska would have t o be prepared against setback storms while emergency managers in Louisiana would have to look out for hurricanes. The emergency manager must(prenominal) possess the necessary vision to demarcate what risks his team might have to face and how these threats would be handled on a planning basis (Canton, 2006).The third area for focus is the repartee made available when a disaster situation arises. Given the fact that emergency managers are adequately equipped and supplied does not repute that they would be able to handle emergencies just as well too. A proper appraisal of the response system must exist such that the response system is dynamic so that it can set quickly to situations. Moreover, any disaster situation will entail by-products that are not wanted but are nonetheless outcomes of the situation. For example, emergency workers in the field would be subject to hazards as well as stress that they must know how to deal with. The emergency manager has to ensure that these

The effect of rising energy prices for the economic wellbeing of Essay

The effect of rising energy footings for the economic wellbeing of familys - Essay ExampleA monumental economy reform program was announced by Australian government for securing the future with relatively plumb energy. It is a transition invention that leave behind transform the economy of the country gradually it will be implemented by taking initiatives in four key areas namely coulomb pricing, non- pompous sources of energy in place of conventional energy, enhancing the efficiency of energy consumption and management as well as state of matter reforms. But the foremost component of this transition plan is the carbon price mechanism and several completing measures along with the assistance plan for the household and large emitters of the pollutants in the current economic structure.As the clock passed by, the business as well as household focused on the relevant details of this plan and researchers forecasted the consequences and impacts of this plan extensively. The curr ent probe models the impacts of the proposed mechanism of carbon prices on the household economy by discussing the consumer deportment theories and keeping in view the fact that proposed plan promises to return most part of the revenue generated by dint of carbon price mechanism to the household.A package of measures also came along this plan these measures outline the insurance of the Government to curtail the instantaneous effects of carbon pricing mechanism on the household economy.... $ 23, $ 24.15 and $ 25.40 for first, assist and third years respectively. The second phase will commence on 1st July 2015 and carbon price remains flexible during this phase. The determination of the prices will be based on the Emission Trading escape (ETS) along with the transitional cap as well as floor implementation. It is also determined in the proposed plan that carbon permits will be sold to the pollution emitters and the revenue generated through these sales will be invested for encour aging the production and consumption of clean energy. It will also ease the cost buck coming up with the transitional phase. Various direct and indirect methods will be devised to assist several(predicate) sectors of the economy including the household1. In light of this brief introduction of the carbon price mechanism, the following section of this essay discusses the continuously rising prices of the energy during the first phase and their impacts on the economic well being of household with special emphasis on various theories of consumer behaviour. The effect of rising energy prices for the economic wellbeing of households It is bare that the increasing carbon prices will definitely flow through the consumer as household is one of the largest users of the conventional energy. The increase in prices of the fuel will disturb the household budgets the prices change in the prices of the essential goods equivalent food, clothing, and land for shelter will take place due to the co ntinuous rise in the carbon prices during the first phase of the implementation of this plan (Kardes et al., 2010). On the other hand, the supply use up theory suggests that the demand for carbon fuels will be discouraged due to the increasing prices of the carbon fuels. The following

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company New Product Development Process Essay

Goodyear Tire & rubber eraser Company New Product Development Process - commodevas ExampleGoodyear is amongst the track tire manufacturing company in the founding. It has made its presence felt in all corner of the world. The company started its journey with 13 employees at its manufacturing plant in Ohio, USA and since then has swelled into a company which is home to more than 70,000 employees across the world. The company with its continuous hard work has go from asshole to become a billion dollar company. Goodyear with net sales of $22.8 billion (as of 2011) is surely leading the air to not only be the top tire manufacturing company in North the States further also in the world (Goodyear, n.d). This project report on Goodyear will identify the prospects relate to wise proceeds development. New product development is a critical aspect for the company in the make out throat competitive market. Product development is always based on certain criterias which other than c an benefit Goodyear as a company in terms of market look at and gross generation. The purpose of this project is to analyze Goodyears strategy and methodology in developing in the altogether product. This project emphasizes on the need of sassy product development and its importance. Goodyear has been in the business for a pertinacious time and the project will evaluate the companys future prospects in context to advanced product development. Tire market is a huge market with many competitors. The project will help certain questions such as why revolutionary product development is the need of the hour and how can it change the fortune of a company?... The company with its continuous hard work has forward motionn from scratch to become a billion dollar company. Goodyear with net sales of $22.8 billion (as of 2011) is surely leading the way to not only be the top tire manufacturing company in North America but also in the world (Goodyear, n.d). This project report on Goodyear will identify the prospects related to new product development. New product development is a critical aspect for the company in the cut throat competitive market. Product development is always based on certain criterias which otherwise can benefit Goodyear as a company in terms of market share and revenue generation. Purpose The purpose of this project is to analyze Goodyears strategy and methodology in developing new product. This project emphasizes on the need of new product development and its importance. Goodyear has been in the business for a massive time and the project will evaluate the companys future prospects in context to new product development. Tire market is a huge market with many competitors around which makes the new product development even more important for Goodyear. The project will answer certain questions such as why new product development is the need of the hour and how can it change the fortune of a company? Tire market is no more confined to the developed nations as the emerging economies of the world are leading the way in terms of tire consumption with the rise in routine of vehicles plying on the roads. It comes as an opportunity for the company and the project analyzes what are the ways Goodyear can cope with the rise in demand by offering cutting edge technology to its customers. Background Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company was founded in the year 1898 by Frank A. Seiberling in Ohio, USA.

Analysis of Research Report Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of look Report Results - Essay ExampleSome of the other perceived barriers were cor link up with the moderator variables. The study further suggested that, strategies knowing to decrease the perceived barriers might improve compliance with the treatment regime, thus decreasing costs, absenteeism, and lack of tenacity.In determination of the respondents profiles such as age, ethnic origin and socioeconomic status, the statistical analysis utilise was accurate. Descriptive statistics usually involve numerous calculations that attempt to provide brief summary of the information glut of the information such as measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, etc. and could be expressed in frequency or percentage.In the study (page of the paper), it was mentioned that the ten (10) identified perceived barriers on health related quality of smell have been associated to the frequency of respondents reported any missed taking any medication and later rear out that there was no significant relationship. This seems to be questionable. The ten perceived barriers on health related quality of life, were measured differently (Likert) from respondents reported any missed taking any medication (frequency).

Equity, Conscience, And Unjust Enrichment Essay

Equity, Conscience, And Unjust Enrichment - Essay ExampleThe doctrines are progressive, bully and improved and if we want to know what the rules of impartiality are, we must look, of course, rather to the more modern than the more antediluvian casesThe contention that both branches of law are fused for practical purposes is more recent. Despite the fact that the primacy of equity was reaffirmed in the Supreme Court Act 19814 s 49 (1), (2), Lord Diplock took the view thatLord Browne-Wilkinson state in Tinsley v Milligan 19946 that English law was now a single law which was made up of legal and equitable interests, and a person owning either type of estate had a right of property amounting to a right in rem not merely a right in personam. This is arranged with Lord Goffs view in Napier and Ettrick (Lord v Hunter 19937However, this did not prevent equity from developing unexampled correctives and devices to meet bran-new circumstances. Lord Denning was a proponent of the view tha t law and equity had fused for both administrative and practical purposes. He seemed to interpret this to symbolize on the one hand, that all remedies were available regardless of the origin of the cause of action.8 On the other hand, he continued to recognize equitys ability to create new remedies and recognize rights, through such concepts as the new model constructive trustEquity is not past the age of childbearing. One of her latest progeny is a constructive trust of a new model.This does not mean that equity is past childbearing simply that its progeny must be legitimate - by power out of principle. It is well that this should be so otherwise, no lawyer could safely advise on his clients call and every quarrel would lead to a law-suit.

Coefficient of thermal expansion ( CTE) laboratory Coursework

Coefficient of thermal expansion ( CTE) laboratory - Coursework ExampleCoefficient of linear thermal expansion (CET), denoted by , is apocalyptic of how much a material will expand when heated. This expansion occurs as a result of increase vibrations of atoms owing of enhanced kinetic energy gained from the heat source. Consequently, the inter-atomic distance increases which ultimately causes the material to linearly expand.CET is an inwrought property of material and plays a signifi mucklet role during material selection phase for fabrication jobs curiously where high precision and accuracy is required over large thermal gradients.Following table system the consolidated results of the experiment. CTE using formula has also been calculated for each reading. Sample calculations are given thereafter. A graph for Extension (mm) against Temperature (oC) has also been plotted.2) The large error in Aluminum up to 15558% is primarily collectible to human error. The readings whitethorn have not been noted accurately or the decimal place not marked in correct location. Systematic error can safely be ruled reveal since CTE of steel and organization and within acceptable error of 5.2% and 7.7% respectively3) The slight error can be attributed to bias in noting down the temperature reading and extension precisely at the same time. Moreover, non-uniform heating, improper meet of temperature element and creep within the specimen due to multiple thermal cycles over time may have contributed to the variance in CTE. A dial gage itself is not an accurate device and electronic stain gages for measurement of extension can give more accurate results.The results comply with the values interpreted from ASTM Handbook for metals for both steel and brass. Readings for Aluminum must be verified since the large error can only be attributed to human fault. For per degree rise in temperature, aluminum expands most followed by brass and then steel.ASM International. Thermal Expansion , Thermal Properties of Metals (06702G). ASME

Management seminar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management seminar - Essay ExampleCommon issues such(prenominal) as linkages between appraisals and increases in salary act as key determinants of the best system for the hospital relative to its overall goals and objectives as a healthcare institution. As part of the conclusion, the Mater infirmary administrators omit the required organization to ensure sustainability of such a medical institution as depicted by the current appraisal system. Assertively, the appraisal systems are equally significant as the reward and retention systems that come to the fore to carry more weight in human resource management and it would be interesting to watch over how organizations can link these systems for advanced efficiency.Accordingly, concrete talent management programs form the foundation for talent draw and retention however, most corporations overlook the fact that the leadership and management are the core overseers of talent, but through and through the set programs. Relatively, the c ontrol of talent and retaining employees is essential to the development and triumph of any corporation moreover, the talent initiatives should go hand in hand with engagement, evaluation and reward strategies, as part of organizational cultures (Allen 2010). However, most of the discussions nether human resources aspects focus on attraction, reward and retention with only a few giving sub-standard upkeep to appraisal and evaluation systems that are equally significant. Assertively, the aim of the case analysis on Mater Hospital is identifying the application of the appraisal systems and the depth at which they influence a certain organization. The foundation of the discussion is the bobble appraisal system in the hospital, with the analysis focusing on Donald Kirkpatricks Learning and Training military rank theory.The Mater Hospital has multiple staff members from healthcare professionals, caregivers and support employees under administrators and supervisors that ensure quality and pardon in all areas. As per the hospitals values and

Xerox Accounting Fraud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

make off news report Fraud - Essay Examplerowth of mid to exalted teens. In effect, the predicted receiveth bar was raised, and some wondered how scratch could grow at three times the rate of taxations. Revenue growth was predicted to be 5 per centumage for the quarter although year-to-year revenue growth for the first quarter was zero.Investors Grow UneasyBy July investors were getting suspicious. In retrospect, they had good reason. The stock had fallen more than 10 percent when drive off reported that it was in note with its targets for second- quarter growth of 13 percent in core earnings. The union also noted that revenue had grown at only 2.5 percent and that mid to high teens earnings per share growth would be hard to achieve for the balance of the year. On receipt of that news, the stock traded down 8.2 percent to close scarce below $51. The come with tried to adjust the spin to emphasize future opportunities, noting that it was transforming itself from a copier company to a copier services company and that it expected the services component to account for 50 percent of total revenue (up from 15 percent) within eight to ten years. Research analysts supported the company story. viii out of eleven continued to rank Xerox a strong buy.By mid-September 1999, Xerox was laboured to lower expectations again when the CFO noted that revenue growth would fall below 5 percent. A strong U.S. dollar and economic weakness were blamed-although with the stock down about 30 percent from the high four months earlier, several analysts expressed doubt that Xeroxs problems were limited to foreign sales. Within a week Xerox announced the acquisition of Tektronixs color printing and imaging business for $950 million, saying that it expected that market to grow at 23 percent for the next three years. Thoman said, This is really about...The complaint alleged that Xerox had hyperbolise revenues by more than $3 billion and profits by more than $1.5 billion over a four-year period beginning in 1997. This year coincided with the time that Xerox began to outperform the market and Allaire began to accumulate a fortune. The action was finally settled in June 2002 with a second restatement involving the inappropriate booking of $6.4 billion in revenue and overstated pretax profits of $1.4 billion.(Securities and Exchange Commission, 2002) The company was fined $10 million, paid, of course, with shareholders money. Stephen Cutler, the SECs director of enforcement said, Xerox used its accounting to burnish and distort operating results rather than to describe them accurately. As a result, investors were misled and betrayed. capital of Minnesota R. Berger, associate director of enforcement said, Xeroxs senior management orchestrated a four-year scheme to veil the companys true operating performance. Senior management had no compunctions about savory in improper conduct. And Charles D. Neimeier, chief accountant for the division of enforcement added , Xerox employed a wide mixed bag of undisclosed and often improper top-side accounting actions to manage the quality of its reported earnings. As a result, the company created an illusion that its operating results were substantially better than they really were.

Non-Oil Sector Stocks in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Non-Oil field Stocks in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper ExampleSaudi Arabia has proven oil reserves of 264.52 meg barrels of oil (OPEC, 2011) and recently surpassed by Venezuela who claimed their oil reserves had risen to 269.5 billion barrels of oil. In terms of oil production, Saudi Arabia has a quota allocation of just over 30% of production among brass of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries. The Saudi Arabian oil production in 2010 was 9.1 million barrels per twenty-four hours which accounted for 13% of worlds total oil production. Oil is the major driver of economic action mechanism in Saudi Arabia. Oil-related activities accounted for 47% of the GDP in 2010 (MoF, 2011), and petroleum products exports amounted to $193 billion and accounted for 84% (by value) of total exports in Saudi Arabia (OPEC, 2011). Therefore, oil prices play a vital role in the Saudi Arabian economy. However, from the eyeshot of an investor or an enterprise in Saudi Arabian market, it is also important to know whether oil prices urinate a major role to play in stock prices of non-oil sector companies too. If there is a higher(prenominal) positive correlation among oil prices and non-oil sector stocks, an investor can use these stocks to hedge on their investments in oil. The outcome of this study could, therefore, be very useful for foreign investors and enterprises already present or readiness to enter the Saudi Arabian market. Clarification of Terms and Concepts Aggregate Demand The total demand for goods and go in an economy for a specified time period and at specific price levels is called inwardness demand. It is made up of 4 major components consumption or consumer spending, investment, government spending and net exports. correlation A statistical measure that describes how two variable quantitys move together with apiece other. The coefficient of correlation has the value between -1 and 1. A positive value means the two variables move in the same direction simultaneously. The surrounding(prenominal) the value is to 0, the lesser relative movement they take away. Disposable Income The amount of money that the households in an economy have for spending and saving after taxes have been deducted from their total income. It indirectly measures the potential for consumer spending in the economy. downstream (oil industry) The downstream activities in oil industry refer to refining and distribution of natural gas and products elegant from crude oil. Exchange rates The rate at which two currencies can be exchanged for each other. Essentially, it is the price at which one countrys currency can be exchanged for another(prenominal) countrys currency. Granger-Causality test A statistical test used to measure whether the change in one variable causes a change in another variable. Granger-Causality tests relationship between two variables. This methodological analysis is employed to test the causality of each variable for the other and establish which variable causes the change in which variable. The key principle used is that the independent variable is better able to predict the dependent variable than when taking only the lagged values of the dependent variable to predict it.

Case Study- Kindle Essay Example for Free

Case Study- call forth EssayThis case study foc employments on how virago has employ digital technology to reach out to more customers as it realises the importance of convenience for its readers. Its product the go off is an e-reader that offers an alternative to hard copy books. The Kindle offers readers the mobility and efficiency when purchasing and reading books. Amazon has also furthered its opportunities by partnering with certain companies to wit Apple, Penguin and Lonely Planet. Although the Kindle is the market leader in the e-book market, it has strong competitors i. e. IPad.Rather than reckon Apple as a competitor, Amazon took this opportunity to reach out to more of its customer base, namely through Apple users. By offering the free Kindle app to Apple and Android products, Amazon has widened its penetration to potential readers. Amazon has partnered with publishers Penguin and Lonely Planet who are vital suppliers to e-books. In order to appeal to readers, the Kindle has to offer its customers a variety of books to choose from. To do this they require digital books that fag only be supplied in large quantities by big publishing companies who incur a variety of books theyve published and can offer to the Kindle.Thus by forming the right relationships with other businesses, Amazon has be able to position itself head in the e-book market and to penetrate into other digital markets too. By understanding the changing needs of the market, Amazon has identified the appropriate product that can satisfy its customers. Reading is a hobby for many plenty and many desire to do so but find it impractical carrying books around and find they have little time to read them. Thus by digitialising books, they have given customers the ability to read anyplace and everywhere.By offering the free app to smart phones, this is especially convenient as most people use smart phones every minute of every day and thus this encourages more people to read as they are now given a bookstore in their fingertips. Kindle now has further plans to billow its customer range by offering books of different languages. Thus this will enable millions of people in the world to gain access to virtual books in their hands without feeling the weight of them.

Learning Coaching Supporting Young people Essay Example for Free

t from each oneing private instructoring Supporting Young people Essay1. rede and implement the mentoring processMy experience as a Learning Coach has led my sessions to move on from one to one with all(prenominal) student and can now include Group sessions. Group sessions involving a small convention can be as effective when compared to one to one interaction. Before the sort is brought to enchanther I can decide on which students might interact better with each other, for voice a sort I afford worked with included 2 boys and 2 girls who didnt know each other well in the school but were all studying the same subject, I considered if any prejudgement would prevent the convocationing from bonding so chose this spateup. The first session involved planning the locomote that would be involved and purpose for having them in a conclave environment. I set stopping point deadline to wreak within the group so they were aware of how long the time period would be, in this case 4 sessions over 4 weeks. The destruction I had set was to discuss revision techniques and different Learning styles with, by the fourth week I hoped to have achieved an understanding for how they can motivate each other maculation learning from each other.As a group they had all been properly introduced to one a nonher and indentified profound areas they were struggling in with the particular subject they had in common. I utilise a group course session where they created two spider diagrams labelling the parts they like and didnt like in the subject, they were quick to indentify similar areas they were any stronger or weaker in as a group.Following the previous session I had each particle of the group complete a VAK ( opthalmic Auditory Kinesthetic) Questionnaire to indentify their own Learning Style. They all came out stronger in the Visual/Auditory side of learning and I showed them techniques such as using diagrams and b even out colours, discussing topics as a group and making short nones that can be revisited. Each member of the group follow outmed keen to get involved and contribute their own ideas as we went along. To keep motivation high I perpetually used positive comments as they worked, having the understanding and deadline established at the beginning helped them reach the goal and work in concertAs the group reached the final session we reviewed the work involved and how they had achieved the understanding of what was set out. I asked them to exempt by each of them writing 3 key points they had intentional that could involve either what they had learnt just about Learning styles or about the subject they had applied them in. Although each member had remembered a different point they completed the potential in working as a group.2. Be able to organise and initiate mentoring endure in group settingsFor a group to come unitedly efficiently you have to consider how they circulate alone function as a whole. Will the members of t he group bond immediately or will it hear some time to reach a normality. You can help this process come together by developing techniques such as creating a Poster or Spider Diagram together about something in common. This will help ease any tension and allow you to see the more possessive members in the group and who might sit back during the process.Bruce Tuckman developed a modeling that looks at the stages of group development (Web Ref 1)1. Forming The group comes together and gets to initially know one other and form as a group. Can be a very important stage as it allows the group to see who is more dominant and how they will work together. 2. Storming A chaotic Vying for croakership and trialling of group processes This can lead to confrontation in the group if somebody is seen not to get along with the others. Problems in this area would become from individuals giving a different opinion or idea on how to do the task set before them.3. Norming Eventually go overment is reached on how the group operates (norming) Possibly a leader in the group is set out who amazes charge. The group might have specific tasks that each of them are focusing on. 4. playacting The group practices its craft and becomes effective in meeting its objectives. Now that the group can work together they focus on the tasks and perform what they grouped together to achieve. 5. Adjourning The process of unforming the group, that is, letting go of the group expression and moving on. As it was important for each of them to get together and understand its important to leave the process effectively. They each need to recognise what they have dresse and hopefully be proud of their achievements. orgasm away from a group badly can affect future group processes. (Web Ref 1)This model of how a group evolves with each other briefly describes how they operate from the beginning to the end of the group process. creation the Learning Coach allows you to have a unique position in the gro up allowing you to take on any position you see suitable. Its advisable to set ground rules for them to follow, these could be to be readable and honest, keeping confidentiality within the group, not letting each other down or just finding each other. With these sort of ground rules in place you can take a position of just observance the group or be a member of the group, if you feel they need some focus come up the issue they are concerned with and put them on the right path.It is important to consider what differences might be there for the group, so with the ground rules and having them focus on themselves as a whole and trust and respect each other can be a main focus. With some students coming from different backgrounds and mutations or having issues they might not want to reprimand about in a group environment can put a block on the groups progress. Dont pres authorized them into these winning of topics and let the group flow naturally.3. Analyse the mentoring skills, experience and qualities you used in this group setting.When I manus with any students I always try to be friendly and make them feel comfortable to talk in front of me while being professional. I understand that the students will often look to me for guidance so I make sure not to be judgemental towards any of the group members and arrest everyone a fair disaster. Hopefully this will promote them in doing the same to each other.While my role in the group was more observational I did question them from time to time, making sure they were on the right path and understood what they had said. While talk with them I did try and avoid using questions that lead to a yes or no answer, asking them to explain, once they explained it to me I would try and relate to them personally. My observation in the group kept them disciplined and focused more on the task. I didnt have to be talking for them to know I was there. I didnt want to be intimidating them either, I would occasionally agree a nd give my opinion on something they said to see if I was following correctly and more importantly they knew I wasnt ignoring them.At the beginning of the time together we set out a goal that they all had in common. Something they all felt they could benefit from. I picked them all for this group originally because of that reason. The goal deadline was set out from the start for them to know when it would definitely be coming to an end. I hoped that from the sessions they would have learned everything they needed to and not need to come back to me. I have always said I keep an open door policy and if they needed to see me individually I would open it up as a new session time and new goal, this way they can understand that its not being dragged on from the previous time.4. Be able to review the outcomes of the mentoring process With my Learning Coach group sessions what went well was discussing the matters with them and being a guide to keep them on the right track. The discipline w as always fair and I never had to take any real precautions just focus them on the goal in sight.With future groups I will try to focus more on achieving a great goal. I possibly set the goal to easily for them to achieve but this is hard to see when you dont know how the group will work with each other. I would also try and give some kind of reward incentive to give them more of a morale boost end-to-end the sessions. I didnt present them with anything that could give them real pride in what they did other than knowing themselves what they achieved. I will consider giving them achievement points on the school system to acknowledge how well they have done.My overall support I felt was just the right amount. I didnt want to take total attend of the group so I focused more on guidance to touch on them in the right direction. I may possibly in the future take more control of a group if I feel they are not going to achieve their goal within the deadline or not focusing on the task i n hand. I would like to involve a different group activity for them to start with. The activity I have given them may not appeal to everyone. I would like to arrange a few activitys they could pick from.I asked the group afterwards how they felt the process went. They were generally happy with the result but were not sure if they would bother to use it when not in these group sessions. One individual was not happy with not being listened to and felt she would have directed her time in a different area to what the group decided on. I might consider making the groups smaller so that others get a chance to say something rather then just listening to others.

Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickens stressIt also suggests that his previous way of conducting himself has been broken and therefore he has formd. The form of the book and the way that it has been organise has a specific effect on the reader. It breaks the book down into chunks and emphasises the point of each one. The first and work round of golf ins, act as a prologue and epilogue to show the Scrooge before and after his virtuous transformation. This persuasion is backed up by the fact that the last stave is overmuch shorter than the early(a) four, acting as a round off to the book leaving you to imagine the rest of Scrooges life. In the third stave The second of the Three Spirits Scrooge meets with the Spirit of Christmas Present who proceeds to show Scrooge how peck are spending their Christmases. First he takes Scrooge through the town showing him the hubbub of Christmas shoppers getting food for the forthcoming day. There were ruddy, brown-faced, broad-girthed Spanish Onions, shi ning in the fatness of their growth like Spanish Friars and winking from their shelves in deficiencyon slyness at the girls as they went by, and glanced demurely at the hung-up mistletoe.There were pears and apples, cluster high in blooming pyramids there were bunches of grapes, made, in the shopkeepers benevolence to dangle from conspicuous hooks, that peoples m asidehs might piddle gratis as they passed. Dickens uses such descriptive language here to focus on how much the food means to people who can non afford much, and also how central the meal, and Christmas gener every last(predicate)y, is to e trulyone. The idea of food is again a running theme as in Dickenss time large quantities of food, as we commonly see now, were not possible during Victorian times.This was because they had no way of refrigerating food and therefore Christmas was very special in that people could feast at this one time of the year. The language he uses here is important because the way that he perso nifies the food shows how much attention was showed to it and we see this attention to detail at the beginning of this stave as well when the tint is sat in a kind of throne of food. Also when the ghost is sprinkling blessings on passing peoples food the ghost tells Scrooge that the poor are more needy than the rich which Scrooge did not realise before as he was forever looking out for himself only.Then they visit the Cratchits home where although they are very poor they all love each other and they have a very happy home, this contrasts with Scrooges home and work because although Scrooge is very rich, he is always unhappy. For example although they cannot afford a very big goose for Christmas lunch they are all very happy with it and none of them complain. Dickens especially conveys the tone of voiceing of a happy home with the use of a lot of dialogue between family members.Dickenss use of dialogue throughout the book is very effective and attracts the reader as it seems much more realistic. In the forth stave Scrooge meets with the Ghost of Christmas future who has set out to show him what his future will be like if he does not change his ways. He is shown his colleges discussing his funeral, and is move to realise that none of them care for him. He is also shown a back street merchant to whom his attribute are being sold as no one looked after his house when he died. eventually he is shown that Tiny Tim has died because his family did not have enough money to support him. This stave is very important as it shows Scrooge the short-term consequences of his actions in life if he continues to live the way he is doing so now. And we see that he has fully changed by the end of the stave I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. I will live in the Past, Present and Future. The Spirits of all three shall strive within me. This clearly shows that he now cares fully and realises the error of his ways. This is an important offset of the novel as it shows that he has changed fully, and the desperation he has at the end of stave four, makes the reader feel sorry for him. This has deliberately been done by Dickens as it shows that a character whom at the borrow of the story you despised, by the end of this stave you feel sorry for and hope that he does have a chance to show that he is a changed man.Finally in the fifth stave Scrooge gets a chance to show how changed he is as he has been with the spirits only the length of one night. He gets to go and visit his nephew and he raises the salary of his clerk. This particular part, when he raises the pay of his clerk, uses humour again as it shows just how surprised Bob Cratchit is that he is receiving a pay rise, as he cowers and holds up a poker. This use of humour raises the mood of the last stave. Also we see Scrooges mannerisms become much different and he laughs and becomes a different person.During the last stave the most important running theme is emphasised, that anyone can change for the better. This point is shown very clearly because Dickens creates the most horrible character he can and by the end of the book, as a reader you are inclined to like him. The book is appealing to readers because the moral points are important and it is a very heart-warming book that makes people feel better about themselves and want to embrace the spirit of Christmas, which is what Dickens intended.

Interpretation of Family Life Education Essay Example for Free

Interpretation of Family feel Education demonstrateFamily sustenance Education has endured multiple evolutions, renderings and criteria since its origins in coetaneous family science between 1881 and 1920. Currently, Family Life Education has tightened the reigns of its purpose, created unfathomed criteria and yet still leads itself to an assortment of interpretations. For the purpose of this paper, I will endeavor to give my individual definition of Family Life Education based on course readings and research, the guiding principle of FLE, a theoretical location that supports and, is most relevant to my definition of Family Life Education and, a personal philosophy of cultivation. What does Family Life Education signify to me? Depending on the company you keep, this is a potentially loaded question. Within the realm of my make circle, the question does hold a realistic explanation. Family life education has been significant in the historical victimization of several edu cational enterprises (Arcus, vol. 1, 1993, p. 46) therefore, lending itself to the family life professional to select a track that best complements their cause philosophies and professional preparation.The definition by the National Council on Family Relations (2006) sums up what FLE means to me, Family life education is the educational effort to strengthen individual and family life by means of family perspective. The objective of family life education is to ameliorate and ameliorate the quality of the individual and the family life. As a future professional in this distinctive field, I strive to possess the many characteristics of a well-rounded practitioner, including, but not limited to, sound companionship of the professional content and to function, when posited in a multidisciplinary approach.As the possibilities to individual and family composition are endless, the baron to draw from new(prenominal) disciplines is crucial. It is prob sufficient that when working wit h a family for instance that is struggling with an issue, the family life professional would need to utilize an approach that incorporated all of Gardners manifold Intelligences (1983). In addition, it is also important to timbre Family life educators have used educational concepts as their solitary approach to multidisciplinary incumbrance (Arcus, vol. 2, 1993, pg. 28) and this approach has created associate amongst scholars and professionals alike. To become multi disciplinary, Arcus (1993) offers that through the use of knowledge from a broader range of disciplines and through greater cooperation among the lend disciplines, true multidisciplinary approach can be attained. As indicated previously, the composition of individual or family is infinite and circumscribed attention needs to be paid to issues of diversity.Within the profession of Family Studies, there is dissipateicular emphasis on valuing differences and respecting those distinctions (Arcus, vol. 2, 1993, pg. 28) f urthermore, creating effective working relationships with persons served. detainly, to complete the puzzle of the well rounded practitioner, one must be able to utilize their own life experiences relevant to family life topics and to honestly accept those experiences as not to allow for hypocritical recommendations. To further personalize my definition of Family Life Education, I have compiled some additional ideas.It is tall(a) that a professional in the field of Family Studies is wandering aimlessly without purpose or direction. Typically, they are a part of an organization that is providing services to individuals or families with a enured of defined needs. Even more believably it is the responsibility of the professional to design, develop and deliver the services needed by means of effective programming. The Family Life professional becomes the program and an effective program does not rest solely on content (Brindis Davis, et al, 1998, part IV).The professional must mobi lize for action by increasing awareness and generating support of a program, treasure the needs and assets of the populations served and build strong foundations that will serve to protect the potential of the program and last, but for sure not least, design an effective Family Life Education program. Designing a new or change family life education program frequently entails many planning and man eonment issues. The development is easier when the concerns are plotted for at the onset.Think about how to advocate for the program, especially in the face of controversy. Expect controversy (Brindis Davis, et al. 1998, sect. IV). disputation or conflict is seguing to the subsequent topic, the guiding principles of Family Life Education. Intervention, the anti-conflict Being proactive in a activated world. Intervention by way of education, this statement, in my opinion is the guiding principle to family life education. No matter how you slice it, the opportunity to impart an interven tion is endless. Intervention can have many connotations.In day to day life it is regularly defined as an unwelcomed interference. For instance, a wife premisss an intervention for her warmness abusing husband, of which does not want to admit to or take responsibility for his addiction. on that pointfore the husband would characterize the intervention as unwelcomed interference. For the purpose of family studies, the definition takes a neutral stance to denote the taking of understandably defined actions to induce change (Encarta English Dictionary). The change is expected to be positive, indicating harmony or affirmation.Societies educate along different cultural, religious, historical, economic, geographical, and political paths. At any time, members of different societies view themselves and the world from distinctive perspectives. soon enough global trends in communication and entropy dissemination, entertainment, and other economic and commercial exchanges always affect topical anesthetic realities, sometimes more than people living in those localities fully understand. How children, adolescents, and adults are assigned roles ultimately reflects the crossway of such societal paths and global trends.The preceding statements have the potential to be segue ways and/or roadblocks to the family professional. The professional should establish family life education at an early age, to combat the purpose of reaction and to introduce the idea of prevention, lessening the likelihood of ever intervening. The introduction of a program that would counter negative or damaging societal outcomes should implement age appropriate curricula, especially when working solely with school age children, which meets the developmental needs and matches backgrounds and life experiences of all individuals involved.What are universal interventions? As adapted from Family Health worldwide (2001), Offer education and skill-building Engage jejuneness caretakers, including pare nts, extended family, or other adults such as teachers and youth workers. Engage youth themselves in program design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Ensure access to counseling and other services that move to the special needs of the individual or family Augment collaboration and effective referrals among existing health and other development agencies and organizations.Coach program site managers, service providers, and others to improve their interactions with individuals and families Have clear goals, target populations, and indicators date building in monitoring and evaluation from the beginning of a project use such findings to improve strategies and services. The family life professional should strive to maintain balance and realistic programming and to ultimately provide information and activities that encourage skill development that is relevant and useful.Imparting a value system and norms when they are lacking or completely absent to an individual or family is an asset to the overall program, especially when follow through is a potential issue. A basic skill set is at least in place. Last but not least, ensure that your program is based on a solid theoretical model. Ability, hope and Potential Why MI theory is relevant to Families Successful and unsuccessful people do not vary greatly in their abilities. They vary in their desires to reach their potential. John Maxwell During the tenure of this course, Family orbit Methodologies, we have encountered many theories and how they are or have been significant to the field of Family Life Education. The theories have track down the gamut from their birthplace in social theory and social therapy to a current state of post modern, contemporary status. As indicated by Lavee and Dollahite (1991), there is a weak link between theory and research in modern family science and they go further to say, from multiple points of view, it is imperative to couple theory with research methods.There are m ultiple approaches to theory and research in the family sciences (Sourcebook, pg. 17) and there is not one that is committed as the flagship theory to FLE. Rather the interplay between scholars, families and the socio-cultural context that surrounds them (Sourcebook, pg. 18). These connections should pay special attention to the unique quality of families in society and how these families function inside their environment. It is necessary to confirm what I mean by theory within the field of family life education.As defined by Gibbs ( 1972, p.5),sourcebook p 20 theory is a set of logically interrelated statements in the form of empirical assertions about properties of infinite classes of events or things. This definition lends itself to the whimsy of a conceptual framework, a theory that has not come full circle. Gardners theory of Multiple Intelligences fits this description. Although there are several intelligences define which possess a sound theoretical foundation, eight to be exact, there are additional intelligences waiting in the wings for validation therefore supporting the notion of the conceptual framework.Gardners theory is relevant to family life education, in part due to its flexible and expandable nature but mostly because the family is a phenomenal, progressive body that needs room to evolve, just as MI theory continues to do. References Brindis, C and Davis, L et al. (1998) Designing effective family life education programs. Advocatesforyouth. org. Four sections. Retrieved April 13, 2008, from www. advocateforyouthorg/PUBLICATIONS Lavee, Y. , Dollahite, D. C. (1991) The gene linkage between theory and research in family science. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 361-373.

Genetically modified organism - DNA Essay Example for Free

heritableally modified organism deoxyribonucleic acid Essay1. Introduction Genetically modified pabulums are foods derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOS). GMOS have had partingicular turns take to their DNA by genetic engineering techniques. In fact,GM foods are already becoming a part of our life. (Maessen, 1997) The 2010 estimate, the most recent, says that 925 million people were undernourished in 2010 (FAO 2010). There are clearly some precise real issues that need to be resolved. The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether GM foods can solve the line of world hungry . It covers two advantages of GM food which are increasing production and effects of environs protection,finally it will cover a disadvantage for serviceman health. 2 . Advantages 2. 1 Increase in food production GM food should be consider as a solution to slove world longing as it produces much higher yield than conventional crops. Firstly,Crops are genetically modified in vow to make them pest-resistant, drought-resistant, higher yield per acre, faster maturing, or some other improvement over cancel crops.They are likely to be safer than ordinary crops since they dont have chemical pesticide on them , they are to a greater extent likely to be picked and sent to market at their peak of ripeness, and are likely to last longer at once you have them home in refrigerators. Its helping to resolve the worlds hungry problem. 2. 2 Advantages for environment protection wholeness effect of GM foods is to protect environment. Genes could also be manipulated in trees, for example to absorb more carbonic acid gas and reduce the threat of global warming.Genetic Engineering could increase genetic diversity, and produce more adaptation alleles which could also be crossed over and implanted into other species. (Friends of Earth,2003) 3. Disadvantages of GM foods potential negative human health There are also critics objected to potential negative human health. As it has a Ge netic engineering may actually counteract the processes of nature by reducing the resistance of the species to environmental extremes and diseases by creating ideal traits. Furthermore, new viruses would be encouraged to mutate into more dangerous, virulent forms that would be unstoppable.Even more horrifying is the possibility that genetically engineered products have the capability of being toxic and threatening to human and living creature health. (Royal Society. 2002)Some scientists believe that introducing genetically modified genes may have an irreversible effect with consequences yet unknown. ( food for thought Standards Agency. 2002. ) 4. Conclusion In conclusion,this paper discussed the effects of GM foods. Therefore, according to these passage that the genetically modified technology can experience more advantage and less disadvantage to us. It becomes a tendency to eat genetically modified foods.So we just be at ease to eat unless the productions are counterfeit and inf erior and it is not suffice by the standard department and the GM foods almost can solve food crisis. Words (428).References 1) Maessen, GDF. 1997. Genomic perceptual constancy and stability of expression in genetically modified plants. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 46 3-24 2) Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions. 1999. News uncover 107, 5 November 1999. 3) Schmidt, T and Heslop-Harrison, JS. 1998. Genomes, genes and junk the large scale organization of plant chromosomes. Trends on Plant skill 3 195-9 4) Royal Society.2002.Genetically modified plants for food use and human health an update 5) Dr Marion Healy. 2005. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. 2005. Retrieved June, 2005 from http//www. foodstandards. gov. au/_srcfiles/GM%20Foods_text_pp_final. pdf 6)Genetically Modified crops and food ,Friends of Earth,(2003). Retrieved January ,2003 from http//www. foe. co. uk/resource/briefings/gm_crops_food. pdf 7) Food Standards Agency. 2002. GO10008 Evaluating the risk s associated with using GMOs in gentle foods. Retrieved from http//www. foodstandards. gov. uk/science/sciencetopics/gmfoods/gm_reports.

Fantasy Theme Analysis of Commercial Essay Example for Free

Fantasy Theme Analysis of Commercial EssayIts Not about(predicate) the Shoes The Jordan send attempts to turn over to its audience that to become legendary they need to understand that it is not about the shoes, but what it is you do in them. They do this by translateing a number of star athletes playing when they were in college and high school to the narrators (Michael Jordan) haggle. This paper hypothesizes how it is the Jordan Brand attempts to bring their audience to the sh ar elaboratenessal vision of becoming legendary, through with(predicate) magic trick themes in their ad Its Not virtually the Shoes. The Fantasy Theme literary chiding To understand this papers argument on how it is the Jordan Brand attempts to use fantasy themes in their ad, we must first understand what exactly the Fantasy Theme Criticism is. It was created by Ernest G. Bormann, and was designed to provide insights into the sh bed worldview of a group of rhetors. It is derived from the Symb olic Convergence Theory, and can be applied to different flakes of rhetoric including the kind(s) used on small groups, social movements, political campaigns, and organizational communication.The criticism relies on two assumptions. One, that rhetoric creates reality, and two, that convergence occurs. With regards to rhetoric creating reality we are to assume that the symbolic cultivates that are created from the rhetoric are not imitations but organs of reality. This is because it is through their agency that anything becomes real. We assume to that convergence occurs because symbols not only create reality for individuals but that individuals meanings can combine to create a shared reality for participants.The shared reality hence provides a basis for the comm unit of measurementy of participants to discuss their park experiences and to achieve a mutual understanding. The consequence of this is that the individuals develop the same attitudes and emotions to the personae of the drama. Within this criticism the audience is look outn as the most critical part because the sharing of the message is seen as being so significant. The basic unit of this analysis is looking at the different fantasy themes within the rhetoric being analyzed.Fantasy themes pronounce a story thataccounts for the groups experience and that is the reality of the participants. The collar fantasy themes that are necessary to create a drama are setting, characters, and actions. These fantasy themes then come together to form a fantasy type, and rhetorical vision. A fantasy type is a stock rhetorical vision that appears repeatedly in the rhetoric of a group. The actual rhetorical vision is the unified putting together of the various shared fantasies, or a swirling together of fantasy themes to provide a credible interpretation of reality.In the event at that place is a rhetorical vision, it is suggested that a rhetorical community forms that consists of participants in the vision, or members who have shared the fantasy themes. It is within this community that the ability to understand and act on the motives for action that the rhetorical vision attempts to communicate reside. Analysis Within this ad, thither is a number of fantasy themes that the Jordan Brand incorporated that potentially could tierce their audience to the desired rhetorical vision they wished to communicate.This part of the paper will seek to analyze this ad by first looking at our ads relationship with the audience, and then breaking the fantasy themes down into the three different kinds that make up this analysis and how they could come together to form a fantasy type and rhetorical vision. In order for the ad to make sense it must share a initiative at that place is the setting theme(s). Setting themes depict w present it is the action is taking place. In this ad, there are a variety of different athletic venues depicted in which the physical setting takes place for athletes to become le gendary.For example, there is a basketball judicial system (P3, P8, P15, P20, P21), a boxing ring (P12-13), a baseball field (P5-6), and football field (P11, P17-18). All of these different physical places are where athletes go to train and perform to become legendary. We here the narrator state various inspirational lines pertaining to ones performance such as, Its about travel in the first place glory (L10-11) and that it is about Taking everything you have been given, and making something better (L8-9). This suggests to the audience that practice and hard work in whatever sportyou choose to compete in, are required if you wish to become legendary. The close major setting theme of the ad is within the audience is itself. In the very first conniption (P1) all we see initially is the shoes with an unidentified person sitting in them. The screen then scrolls up to reveal a man who it is sitting in a chair deep in thought. This is possibly meant to be symbolic that each and every person in the audience is that athlete in those shoes. Then in the final scene we see a black screen with the words have Legendary.These two slides form the setting that each member of the audience is supposed to face, the moment in their bear in mind at which they either decide in favor of, or against attempting to become legendary. In addition to this the ad references you the audience a total of 8 times. This supports that the ad is trying to communicate to its audience wherever it is, and since this ad is attempting to call to action its audience the setting is within the audiences minds themselves when they are making their decision. Next there is the characters theme(s). component part themes are any person or object shown engaging in human like action. As previously stated, the ad references you a total of 8 times and makes clear that the audience is the most valuable character in this ad. Through the imagery and words, the audience is supposed to either imagine themselve s as the athletes depicted, or as themselves in similar settings on the athletic field. This inclusive strategy of using the language and themes of the ad to relate to the audience helps to build convergence The athletes who are shown in the ad are also alpha characters.It is not explicitly stated in the ad who these athletes are, but by watching the ad and viewing the final scene in which the words Become Legendary (P22) appear, the audience can infer that whoever these athletes are, they are legends in their respective games. They are depicted throughout the ad performing various acts of athletic ability, and through the narrators words the audience is supposed to imagine themselves performing similar acts as these athletes. Finally, there is the actions theme(s). Action themes deal with the action of the drama.Within this ad there are numerous action themes. By looking at the optics of the ad we see athletes running up and down a basketball court (P3, P20), hitting baseballs (P5-6), shooting a basketball (P8), catching touchdowns (P11, P18), and hitting a punching bag (P13). Accompanying these visuals we here the narrators words and are able to understand the qualities these athletes possess, and how their actions (which become transparent through the ads visual and audio display) have lead them to become legendary.For example, we here the narrator say for the baseball scene (P4-6) that Its about having the courage to fail (L4-5). The audience is supposed to understand that having courage/acting courageous is important to have if one wishes to become legendary. Another example is in slides P12-15 in which we go from the visual of a young boxer working out, to the image of basketball player in celebration and here the words Its about work, before glory (L10-11).This scene depicts that the action of working hard leads to the act of celebration in victory. This scene also lends itself to the idea that the act of working hard is important to becoming legen dary. These themes form a fantasy type which is that it is not about the shoes. We here this exact line stated in P1L1 that It is not about the shoes. Throughout the ad we then see various video clips and pictures that show us, as well as hear our narrator tell us, what it is about.We then hear in L14 that formerly again Its not about the shoes and then in L15-16 that Its about what you do in them, its about being who you were born to be. This fantasy type provides the resolution to the pilot burner conflict brought about in the first scene. The fantasy themes discussed above all come together to hopefully lead the audience to the rhetorical vision to become legendary, which is what the rhetor hoped to communicate. Through the fantasy themes the audience is able to see how it is that they can become legendary

Sir Isaac Newton Essay Example for Free

Sir Isaac newton EssaySir Isaac normality-one of the greatest minds in history. He was an all-around genius. He was a mathematician, a natural philosopher, an inventor, and an English physicist. Some of the phenomenal things he did include news reporting how light reacts to reflection, formulating laws of universal gravitation and motion, and built the send-off ever reflecting telescope. In 1642 Isaac newton was born into a very poor farming family in Woolsthorpe, England. When he was very young, his grandma took over and raised him. During this time, he and his grandma lived with a man who took nitrogen low his wing. Newton then discovered his love for chemical operations. even out though Newton was terrible at grammar and school in general, (at his school in a nearby town) he excelled when it came to using his hands.He do sundials, model windmills, a water clock, a mechanical carriage, and flew kites with lanterns attached to their tails. At only 14, Newtons mother h ad taken him out of school to continue the family farming. Since his father died before he was even born, Newton didnt rent much of a father figure to help teach him how to farm properly. Even though he was great with his hands, he was horrible at farming. The family was then persuaded to let him go to the University of Cambridge to study to become a preacher. He was accepted into Cambridge in the course of instruction of 1161. His studies included arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, astronomy, and optics. One of Newtons professors was Isaac Barrow. The ii of them clicked. Barrow could see Newtons desire for learning. He challenged him with great passion.When Newton was 23 he had already received his bachelors degree. Just that year, 1665, the very deadly Bubonic offense (Black Death) had hit. Newton was forced to leave Cambridge. He had returned back to his home town of Woolsthorpe. He stayed there for two years to do independent studies. This is what started Newton to study th e things he is known for by today. In most way, the Black Death could be considered a good thing. In the sense that if it had never happened, we wouldnt have laws of gravity. While at home he made great progress in what we call system of fluxions (calculus) and this was also the time when Newton observed the apple falling from the tree.Newton continued to stay in contact with Isaac Barrow. He sent some of thiswork to Barrow, Barrow then made sure Newtons work was known to several of the leading mathematicians of Britain and Europe. Once he hit age 30, year 1675, Newton suffered a mental breakdown which continued salutary until 1684. During this time, he was trying to prove to a man named Hooke that particles would spiral into the center of the Earth, rather than form an ellipse. Halley, a man who was also interested in orbits finally convinced Newton to publish his work.Newton devoted 2 years to work on the project. The result became one of the most important and influential work s on physics of all times, Philosophiae subjectiveis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) often shortened to Principia Mathematica .The Principia didnt show up until late summer 1687. When writing the book Newton tried especially hard to make it very difficult to read, so people wouldnt beset his ideas.In the early 1690s, possibly in response to the intellectual exertion of writing the Principia, Newton suffered a period of depression. He started his work on the moons motions. A few years subsequently Newton published another great book called Optics which explained the theory of light and color as well as some of his mathematic ways. In 1725, Newton moved from London to Kensington for health reasons. Two years posterior Newton died from health issues. Newton really changed the ways of math. If it werent for him, we wouldnt have such a high math level as we do today.

Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay Example for Free

incorrupt and Operant learn EssayBehavioural therapies emerged in the 1950s. The main assumption of the behavioural view is that abnormal behaviour is acquired in the same way as normal behaviour, through the principles of Classical and Operant Conditioning. Behavioural therapy is usually targets at specific, well-delineated dread disorders such(prenominal) as phobias and compulsions.One therapy that is utilizationd through Classical Conditioning is dogmatic desensitization.Classical Conditioning is learning that occurs through association. Systematic Desensitisation is used for people with phobias as it de-conditions phobias using rest period and gradual contact. Individuals might learn that their fe ard stimulus was not so fearful after all if they could yet re-experience the feared stimulus but the anxiety it creates blocks such retrieval. This is master by introducing the feared stimulus gradually. In this type of behavioural therapy, based on the principle of coun ter-conditioning, a fearful person imagines a series of progressively more fearsome situations while he or she is deeply untieed. The responses of relaxation and fear are incompatible, and the fear is ultimately dispelled.The use of Systematic Desensitisation was first developed by Wolpe in the 1950s. Systematic Desensitisation enables individuals to overcome their anxieties by learning to relax n the front man of stimuli that once made them unbearably nervous and afraid. Wolpes elemental idea was to replace one response (fear) with another (relaxation). This is particularly useful for treating psychological problems in which anxiety is the main difficulty for example phobias, shyness etc.The mode of action of Systematic Desensitisation is that in the early days of Systematic Desensitisation, patients would learn to confront their feared situations. They would gradually overcome their fears by learning to relax in the presence of objects or images that would normally arouse an xiety. Today, this is not the case, the healers ask the subject to imagine the presence of the feared stimulus rather than actually presenting it.Systematic Desensitisation typically involves steps. First, patients are taught how to relax their muscles. Then the therapist and patient construct a hierarchy, the patient gradually works their way up the hierarchy, visualising each anxiety-evoking take while engaging in the completing relaxation responses. Once one step is mastered they give the sack to the next step, continuing up the hierarchy until they have mastered their feared situation.Research has found that Systematic Desensitisation is successful for a range of anxiety disorders e.g. about 75% of patients with phobias moveed to this method of therapy (McGrath et al, 1990). However spontaneous recovery (recovery without treatment) from phobias has been found to be as high as 50-60% (McMorran et al, 2001). This shows that Systematic Desensitisation may contribute smallish t o recovery. Systematic Desensitisation has also been used with OCD patients. The technique of exposure and response prevention has an effectiveness of 60-90% of adults with OCD (Albucher et al, 1998) this is where patients are exposed to the objects or situations that trigger obsessions and are consequently prohibited from engaging in their usual dictatorial response.All behavioural therapies have their roots in learning theory, which has its own roots in experiments with non-human animals. Wolpes (1958) initial research was with cats. He created a phobia by placing them in cages and administering repeated electric shocks. He could then reduce their learned anxiety response by placing food near a cage that was exchangeable to the original. The act of eating apparently diminished the anxiety response the cats could gradually be placed in cages more and more similar to the original cages without symptoms of anxiety.Human anxiety may not always respond in the same way. Systematic De sensitisation did not cure the phobia of one woman set for a fear of insects (Wolpe 1973). It turned out that her husband, with whom she had not been getting along with was nicknamed after an insect. Her fear was and so not the result of conditioning but a means of representing her marital problems. Marital counselling was recommended to her, which succeeded where Systematic Desensitisation had failed.One therapy that is used through Operant Conditioning is Token prudence. Operant Conditioning is reservation a conscious association with the consequences of a behaviour e.g. behaviour that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated.The use of Token Economy is a behaviour modification procedure in which patients are given tokens for socially positive behaviour, these being withheld when unwanted behaviours are exhibited. The tokens can then be exchanged for desirable items and activities such as sweets. Although Token Economy programmes were widespread in the 1970s, they became larg ely restricted to wards being prepared for hit into the community. A particularly widespread use of Token Economy at the time was for changing the prejudicious symptoms of schizophrenia poor motivation, poor attention and social withdrawal (McMonagle and Sultana, 2001). In educational setting, the Token Economy system is an important part of schoolroom management, where it is used to build up and maintain appropriate classroom performance and behaviour.

Athen vs Rome Essay Example for Free

Athen vs Rome Essay adult male beings behavior flows from three main sources desire, emotion, and knowledge (Plato). Such a great philosopher like Plato, he strives to inform the people of Athens on behalf of Socrates. With the passion of various ideas on philosophy and political science, Plato pushes with his encyclopaedism to teach our people. The occasion philosopher Socrates, Plato had gained the knowledge of the various meanings and the strive after Socrates was sentenced to death which the Athenian Council had given him for what he believed in. Platos ideas of teaching werent so complicated for us to bestow our knowledge to further extent. afterward the teaching lead non stop at the cost of false individual in the democracy. Aristotle pull up stakes continue to prevail in the teaching of philosophy and other subjects that will lead to be a better person with great purpose in the political system in Athens. The Academy was a gift from Plato to expand our knowledge of information philosophy, mathematics, and theoretical astronomy. It will show that written dialogues be distant easy to comprehend because they are in play style form instead of textbooks. The challenges in learning are pass to be hurdles yet they are not to be giving up on.Towards the Athenian council, I truly demand that politics should be controlled by well educated individuals. Our former Athenian, Socrates, had to pay the consequences on his belief because he believe that people should devote themselves to individual excellence and justice for achievements above any other c one timern meant that they should abandon commitment towards the moral code. Socrates had his own principle to assumestill by on what he believed and to speak to us Athenians to examine our unexamined assumption about individual virtue.With this in mind he was labeled as a traitor and a false philosopher to corrupt the younker minds of Athenians. Is this the way we hold up to go with ourselves in b elieving that there are gods out there who wait on us in fights, fights in which we have fought with our own sweat, blood, and tear to acknowledge that we are getting help from the gods. I truly state within the teaching of the Academy it shows people to make understandable judgment before the execution on one of our own. The Athenian Council before you, even confessed they had do a marvellous mistake in giving Socrates a death sentence.We as a great nation made a huge mistake and informed this tragic situation with creating this horrific democracy. Plato, a great philosopher that was once under Socrates first created this Academy for the teaching of philosophy, mathematics, and theoretical astronomy to us Athens. Creating this Academy Plato shows us that he wanted to make readers reflect thoughtfully on difficult philosophical questions. It was a challenge for us to inherit the aspect of learning and understanding the key elements towards metaphysics. As all teachers their view s are critically changed everyplace time where Plato presents a consistent set of doctrines.Plato maintained one essential idea Moral virtues are universal and absolute, not relative. Our people of Athens need to believe the proper goal for humans is to essay order and purity in our own someones by using reason to control their irrational desires. We have far yet to prove that we inhabit for ourselves we dont live under someone, not until the soul is taken away after death from our bodies. With the system of democracy justice wont prevail it will need hierarchy. Leading back to Socrates death the citizens of Athens are incapable of rising above stupid self-interest.With the ideal society that Plato showed that high ranked men and women should live together and create healthy babies. This skill not lead to become true, but the sought of teaching the people into thinking this way it leads to live justly. Within this Academy that was created by Plato it wont stop for the future philosopher and more Academies to assemble. The prodigy of a young gifted soul that was under the famous Plato came to be recognized as Aristotle. His teaching was in brief to be more advance and hence for us as Athenians. He showed much more moral philosophy to ourselves then we could imagine.Aristotle achievement towards the system showed that logic argument and scientific investigation of the natural world we stand by. Unlike Plato, Aristotle insisted on explanations based on common sense rather than metaphysics. Aristotle showed us that observing an end or a human being is best to acknowledge on how they lean to act. With patience we tend to realize slowly that we develop behaviors and not just good intentions. Self-control did not mean denying human desires and appetites rather, it meant striking a balance between suppressing and heedlessly indulging physical yearnings, of finding the mean (Aristotle).The Council of Athens, we tend to realize some of our moral code is sacre d, but do tend to open your horizons on us as individuals for achieving goals and valuing self-control. As we come to an end, I hope you have the same output as I have explained the teachings and most importantly the Academy that was first formed by our own, Plato. The aspect of growing is not to just have beliefs, but to believe in ourselves as Athenians that we can strive to pursue anything whether it is war, learning, teaching, or creating.The future of our children needs to be well educated to know the difference between right or wrong with some aspect towards our moral code. Our people deserves better, for which they are messengers to expand the knowledge, power, and desire for Athens. They will not have any of those values what so ever if they are not well educated through the Academy that Plato and further more Aristotle has provided. May we have hope for the future as you, the Athenian Council to coincide and recognize the great Academy was a best gift that the gods have gi ven to Athens.

Commercialization of Beauty Essay Example for Free

Commercialization of Beauty EssayTo help with whatsoever queries you whitethorn af theater approximately the psychometric test, I nurse written some guidelines be depressive disorder. You pull up s wees necessitate had experience preparing exam questions in your round sessions. The avocation document provides some further hints and tips, with some sample questions at the end. I take a crap overly attached a document with questions from January and Resit last year, with an limn of what the answer should contain.What do I have to do?In the examination, you go away be asked to select triple questions to answer from a prime(prenominal) of six. Very broadly, these argonas major power be taken from the nine major sections listed in the course scheme as be junior-grade.3) copeing to Consumers Consumer doings* wherefore is node analysis an st regularizegical comp sensationnt of strategical trade management? Making credit to a company of your choice sugge st TWO mouldings that chamberpot be implementd in labor movement much(prenominal) an analysis.* With reference to models and harvest- cadences of your choice, describe both the Consumer Buying Process and four common types of behaviour that consumers exhibit.* inform, employ examples, how groceryers try to influence consumers at the different stages of the consumer stopping point process.5) Product system, Brand Management* account and discuss each of the samara stages involved in new ingathering ontogenesis and explain wherefore innovation is a attain foodstuff schema for disposals today.* What is the Boston sh atomic follow 18/ harvest-time hyaloplasm? 30 In turn, give an example crossway for each of the four boxes and describe the selling implications. 70* What is a berth constitute and how be they workoutful to marketers? 50 For an pains of your choice draw an example of a vistaing map with at least 6 crossroad/ blades located on it according to appr opriate criteria with comments on the volumes and weaknesses of each location. 50* pass judgment the advantages and disadvantages of stag extensions. Use appropriate examples to illustrate your answer.* Examine the components of powerful rat positioning, illustrating your answer with examples of well-positioned brands and poorly positioned ones.6) legal injury Strategy* Discuss the following strategy victimisation de enclosureine theories and concepts from the course The only reason that companies clip low expenditures is that their products be undifferentiated.* List and explain the keys mistakes a strategic marketer could come upon when circumstance the rate of a good or gain.* You have been asked by a company specialising in consumer electronics active the set of a new product more or less to be launched. Describe the factors that the company should assume in focaliseting the outlay of their new product.* Discuss how pricing should play a strategic altern atively than a tactical role for an organisation. Use relevant industry examples to illustrate your answer.7) dissemination Strategy* Marketing channel issues be amongst the most crucial decisions thatmanagement faces. To what extent do you agree with this statement?* Why might a supply channel conk disintermediated?8) Promotions Strategy, Marketing intercourses* Advertising is the most obvious manikin of promotion. utilize examples, describe at least three former(a) forms of promotional activity.* Identify and discuss the key strategic actions marketers must take to ensure Integrated Marketing Communications are successful.* Different advertising campaigns great deal have different objectives. With reference to recent examples, list and discuss four different types of objective.* There are five main promotional tools. Define each and hold examples to illustrate their possible helpfulness.9) Services Marketing* Using strategic trade theories and concepts, state whether y ou agree or disagree with the following statement Creating marketing strategies for services is no different to the marketing of goods.* Discuss the extended marketing mess up use for services. Why are these useful, given the characteristics of services?Below are listed the exam questions and outline answers for a previous January examination and Resit. The outline answers are produced so that the external examiner and markers have a good idea about what the answer should contain. However, to achieve top marks (70+) you would need to include these points in a coherent argument, aided by relevant examples and context.Resit 20121) What are the four distinguishing characteristics of services marketing? What challenges do these present to the formulation of marketing strategy and instruction execution?Answers should define what is meant by a service a provider/client fundamental interaction that creates and captures look on. Definitions such as Deeds, processes, cognitive operation s (Zeithaml Bitner, 1996) An activity or series of activities provided as solution to customer problems(Gronroos, 2000) whitethorn be utilise. The four distinguishing characteristics of services marketing go forth be defined asIn discernible (as opposed to tangible goods) The implication of this is that services cannot be inventoried, or easily patented. They may thus be easier to copy, and gaining real rivalrous advantage may be very much difficult. Services cannot be readily displayed or communicated- this raises issues in damage of the promotional strategy and message de crisscrosss that can be used. Airlines may emphasise the relaxation of being on board as the actual process of travel is more difficult to represent, and might be more problematic when communicating the companys positioning strategy.Intangibility too makes pricing more difficult. With goods, a differentiation focus and premium pricing strategy may be clearly identified by the consumer through the tangib le attributes of the products and the difference in quality. The quality of a set of accounts, or a medical checkup procedure may be less tangible, and therefore exalted determines may need to be back up by other aspects of the strategy and marketing management process. The extended marketing mix, such as visible evidence may be helped to signal quality to consumers.Heterogeneous (as opposed to ex varietyable) Service peddley and customer satisfaction face on employee and customer actions. accordingly plans for marketing strategy and implementation cannot be guaranteed in the same way as for products. Service quality depends on many uncontrollable factors. There is no sure knowledge that the service delivered matches what was planned and assistd. The extended marketing mix, particularly the planningof the process may be to alleviate problems of standardization. Some companies such as McDonalds have tried to implement a standardized service experience. This may only be appr opriate for some sectors however. For luxury services or captain services, the heterogeneous and client- particularised exchange may be part of the value of the service. Companies will need to gondolaefully observe and control implementation.Simultaneous production and consumption customers participate in and excise the transaction, and each other. Employees also affect the service outcome. Decentralisation may be essential. Mass production is difficult. Because services depend critically on the co-production family human relationship, it is very important that the service contract spell out mutual responsibilities and expectations. A significant component part of service engagements (estimates range from 10-50 percent) do not meet the clients or providers expectations, settlementing in poor performance and low satisfaction, and, therefore, in less value created and captured than anticipated. This gap is an opportunity for services innovation that will improve returns, perf ormance and satisfaction. The training and management of people, another aspect of the extended marketing mix, may help the control and implementation of strategy in this respect.Perishability (as opposed to non-perishable)- Its difficult to synchronise supply and demand. For many services, demand may be affected by geographical location, seasons, timing etcetera Marketing management has to try to equalizer supply and demand, for example through pricing strategies- bundling return journeys or making seasonal promotions to harass demand off-peak. In this sense, segmentation, targeting and positioning is of key importance- let outing the value sought by different consumers and managing the marketing mix accordingly. Services cannot be resold or returned, therefore pricing and promotional tactics may be to sell services at hail alone, for example last minute hotel bookings and flights. Considering overheads are fixed, it is better to have cost covered than an empty seat or hotel r oom. However, these tactics may not integrate effectively with the companys generic strategy.2) What marketing strategies and marketing mix decisions are associated with the different fleshs of the product life beat? Discuss how the product life cycle can help companies to plan its product portfolio.The concept of the plc should be take ind and how marketers use it to make strategic planning and marketing mix decisions. The four phases should be identified asIntroduction Characterised by low sales and high cost per customer. There are ways which marketers categorize consumers willingness to adopt new products, such as Rogers (1983) seminal work on the borrowing of innovation. At this phase the segments which should be indentified and targeted are innovators, who are risk takers and open to new ideas. A similar adoption model is proposed by Moore (1999). His chasm strategy would argue that the early phases should involve techies, to iron out bugs.There are few foes at this stage , and therefore some advantages may be put up in being first of all to market. Consumers may be willing to have a bun in the oven a premium bell for products at the introduction stage, and therefore a market skimming strategy may be adopted. Alternatively depending on product type, a cost-plus or penetration strategy may be appropriate. Promotional strategy will have the objective of raising awareness. Heavy sales promotion may also be used. Distribution is probable to be selective at this phase.Growth This phase is charaterised by rapidly rising sales, lower average cost per customer, and rising profits. At this phase early adopters will consider purchase. They should be targeted by companies as they tend to be respected intellection leaders in the product field will promote wider adoption through word of mouth. Moores (1999) model would propose that visionaries should be targeted to help find private-enterprise(a) advantage and to establish the basis of the appeal for the p ragmatists.There will be a growing number of competitors at this phase so marketing management and strategy is analogously to reflect this. Extensions, warranty, and service may become more important add-ons to secure warring advantage. Pricing may be competitor-orientated or for penetration. Efforts should be make to build intensive distribution to try to remain market leader. Promotional labourswill widen to build awareness but in the mass market, rather than targeted at a niche.Maturity This phase is characterised by peak sales, low cost per customer and high profits. Purchasers will be the early/ new-made majority (or the pragmatists and conservatives). Competition is ilkly to have stabilized as weaker products are forced out of the market. Strategies at this stage might involve diversifying brands (brand leverage, brand extension) and product line changes (widening, filling, stretching). Prices will most likely be lowered at this stage, possibly to match or beat competitor s. Sales promotion may become more prevalent. Generally promotional strategy will be to stress brand differences and encourage brand loyalty. Advertising will try to remind and reinforce the brand.Decline This phase is characterised by declining sales, and declining profits. Laggards or the skeptics will buy the product now cost and risk is low and most other people have purchased the product. Competition will humiliate as companys divest products in a declining market with declining sales. Strategies at this phase may be to phase out weak items. Prices may be cut. totally aspects of the marketing mix might be cut back to reduce cost with efforts made at the level to retain loyalists.The PLC can be used in planning a companys product portfolio. The model is to have products at different phases of the life cycle so that products at the maturity phase can provide profits for investment in the mix for products at the introduction and growth phases. Portfolio planning models like th e BCG matrix allow unattackables to address this, and to make sure they are channelling their efforts into products which have capableness for growth (stars and question marks) or profit generation (cash cows). Portfolio planning will also be about phasing out products which do not have a rising (dogs). Best answers will emphasise the limitations of the plc model (linearity, not all products ever do into decline).3) Discuss the main areas an advertising company will consider when given a creative brief. Using examples, explain why a celebrity may be elect as amessage source. What factors determine the success of a celebrity authorisation?Answers should outline the following areas for a creative briefPositioning statement- what is the overall positioning of the brand. What are the key brand well-beings and brand promise. It could be based on Features how the brand delivers its promise Values and personality what the brand stands for and signifies, which affects relationship and loyalty or Key reward may be based on one of these features, safety, stylish personality etc.Proposition spells out what you want to say big ideas, strategically central. Potential sources of a suggest are user characteristics, price, brand image, product service heritage, ways of using the product, comparison with rivals, move points etc.What are the specific objectives for the campaign- may be to inform, persuade, remind or reinforce. This should help formulate specific, measurable, achievable, true to life(predicate) and targeted/timed objectives. Objectives may be to move buyers through readiness stages. Models such as AIDA and Dagmar may be mentioned.Target market- what segments are being targeted. This will tint greatly on the message strategy, creative considerations and media choice. Communication is a transactional process whereby meaning is exchanged through the intentional use of symbols. The firm must encode- reduce the concepts to a set of symbols which the recipie nt will decode. There must be a shared suppose of what the symbols mean, a shared field of experience. This will be determined by the target market as well.Message strategy appeals, themes or ideas that tie into the brand positioning and establish points of parity or points of difference. Rewards may be intrinsic e.g. quality or extrinsic e.g. traditional. vendees expect one or more of the following rewards rational, sensory, genial or egosatisfactionCreative structure- how should we express our message selective informational (rational, logical, product demo, comparison, testimonials) transformational (non-product related benefit or image, stir up emotions, negative fear, guilt, shame, positive humour, love, pride and joy, often use borrowed interest devices- music, intriguing images, cute animals etc.).Media choice- Where is the communication(s) going to appear? Media classes (media types such as PR, press, TV- does it clutch the chosen earshot?) Media vehicles (choice with in the chosen class such as the Times or the Sun). How frequently? What impact? What exposure? (Burst- concentrated, Continuity, Pulsing etc.). How much is to be spent? Budget and control banknotes.Message source- who should express the message? Credibility, celebrity endorsement, modelling.Celebrity endorsement used extensively. The product or service is given credibility through association with someone the audience trust or aspire to be like. Success depends on having a believable link mingled with the meanings associated with the celebrity and the product Class, status, gender, age, personality and lifestyle are all part of what the celebrity transfers to the product. Likeability also important Celebrity credibility is comprised of attractiveness, trus twainrthiness and expertise. The discordant endorsements of a celebrity such as Tiger wood may be used to discuss the effectiveness of this method.4) Using the purchase of a particular product as an example, describe the decis ion process model of consumer behaviour. What are the short comings of the model in sagaciousness this purchase?The answer to this question will largely depend on whether the student decides to focus on a high involvement purchase such as a car, or a low involvement purchase such as a can of soft tipsiness. All answer will identifythe 5 stages of the decision process model of consumer behaviourProblem recognition consumers both recognise a problem or have a need triggered by internal or external stimuli. If the stimulus is internal for example hunger, it may rise to threshold level and become a drive. A need can be aroused by an external stimulus such as seeing a neighbours new car may trigger thoughts about acquire one yourself. Information search Sources of information may be personal, commercial, public or experiential. Of the total set of brands open, the consumer will only be aware of a subset called the awareness set. Some brands will meet the sign buying criteria and be come part of the consideration set. As the consumer searches for further information, a few brands will form the choice set from which the final choice will be made. The awareness set will depend on whether companies have got themselves noticed.Consumers will then have positioned these according to a hierarchy of attributes- type/price/brand dominant. The car purchaser may decide on brands in the consideration set audi/BMW/Mercedes. The drink purchaser may decide on type, cola with the options of Pepsi, Coca Cola and Supermarket throw-brand. Evaluation- will depend on the need the consumer is satisfying the benefits they are seeking and the bundle of attributes that will satisfy this need. Attributes that deliver sought later on benefits will vary for the soft drink it may be taste, price, packaging, for the car it may be safety, performance, price. expectancy value model assumes consumers arrive at decision about brands through an attribute evaluation procedure, combine brand b eliefs, the positives and the negatives according to importance. Decision- the consumer makes the choice of their preferred brand and also decisions about quantity, timing and payment method. The car purchaser may have decided on a BMW but there was a time lag time and no interest-free finance so actually decided on an Audi. The soft drink purchaser discovered Pepsi had a trial price and opted for that. Post purchase behaviour- consumers often feel stochasticity that stems from noticing disquieting features or hearing unfavourable things about the brand and will be alert to information that obtains the purchase decision.No single process is used by all consumers, or by one consumer in all buyingsituations. There are several processes which are not necessarily made on the basis of such conscious and rational judgements. Non-compensatory models of decision making using heuristics may be used, depending on brand knowledge, differences among brands and the social context. In reality, the soft drink purchaser is very likely notwithstanding to distinguish the Cola brand they have previous experience of, or the one all their friends drink.The working out likelihood model would suggest consumers may take a peripheral route for this type of purchase, as they are unlikely to have the motivation for a diligent rational evaluation of alternatives. The consumer could just go straight from problem to decision, or certainly skip stages. This model also ignores other consumer psychology such as variety seeking, which happens in low involvement but significant brand difference sectors. Therefore consumers try Cherry Coke, Coke with Lime etc. purely for variety. A car on the other hand would demand the central route.Perceived risk will vary with the amount of money at stake, the amount of attribute uncertainty and the consumers self-confidence. For the purchase of a car, there could be functional, physical, financial, social, mental and time risk. This uncertainty may le ad the customer to postpone the decision, as might unanticipated situational factors, both of which are not included in the decision model. High involvement decisions are more likely to affect down this central route for purchases that are financially involving, technically complex or have social implications (examples might be cars, mobiles).5) What are the three key stages of the strategic marketing management process? Explain what activities are undertaken at each stage of the process and why this is so critical to a firms ample term competitive advantage.strategic analysis- where are we now? This is concerned with understanding the strategic position of the organisation in terms of its external environment, internal resources and competencies and the expectations and influences of stakeholders. Strategy is the development of long-range plans for the effective management of environmental opportunities and threatswhile taking into account the organisations strengths and weakne sses. At this stage firms will collect and analyse relevant types of information about environmental forces and trends. This will be on two levels the macro- for which a PEST analysis may be performed and the micro- for which the Five Forces model for industry analysis may be used, in addition to analysing other relevant factors such as consumer behaviour and perceptive competitor analysis.The other environment is the internal environment in which a firm will identify its assets, resources and their covering to determine where strengths and weaknesses may exist. Models such as a resource audit or value string are used to collect this information. All relevant environmental analysis is then compiled into mug up from which the organisation will determine where its future strategy should lie given the major factors and trends identified. This stage is crucial for competitive advantage as market information and intelligence is essential for developing a successful marketing strategy based on and for creating and sustaining competitive advantage is todays rapidly changing environment.Strategic choice- where do we want to be? This involves understanding the underlying bases guiding future strategy, and generating strategic options for evaluation and selecting from among them. Strategy is decided upon in terms of objectives, financial decisions, segmentation, and positioning. These are the crucial and central decisions in developing a competitive marketing strategy. Based on the SWOT, strategic alternatives may be suggested and a decision demand to be made at corporate and SBU levels. Deciding the the mission and addressional strategy and allocating resources will be decided at a corporate level. Portfolio planning models such as the BCG matrix may be used. At the SBU level, a generic strategic orientation (cost leadership, differentiation, focus) will be chosen based on unique competitive advantages.At the functional level, strategists consider decision such as what products to offer. Ansoffs matrix may be used a tool to choose between the four possible options available to any organisation with regard to product/market strategy. Market segments to target and market position strategy are also decided at this stage, as well as competitive positioning and relationship strategies. Segmentation, targeting and positioning are the cornerstone of marketing strategy and key in developinga distinctive position in the consumers mind, developing brand loyalty and therefore building long term consumer franchise that will help the company defend itself from competitive threats.Strategic implementation- how are we going to get there? This is the translation of strategy into organisational action through organisational structure and design, resource planning, and the management of strategic change. This involves the strategic, rather than tactical planning of product innovation, branding, services, pricing and distribution, marketing communications and emarketing.Some responses may also identify a fourth stage- strategic monitoring and control- did we get there? The importance of monitoring and control in strategic planning.6) Identify what is meant by Value Chain Analysis. Why would a firm decide to use this analytical tool?Framework developed by Porter (1985) as a way of examining the nature and extent, if any, among the internal activities of a firm. Porter argues every firm is a collection of activities that are performed to design, produce, promote, deliver and support its product. All these activities can be represented in five primary activities and four support activities using a value bowed stringed instrument concept. The primary activities of the value chain are inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales and services. Support activities are firm infrastructure, human resource management, technology development and procurement.Value chain analysis has been widely used by firms as a means o f analysing the internal activities of an organisation. One of the key benefits is the recognition that organisations are much more than a random collection of machines, money and people because these resources have no value unless they are deployed in activities and organised into systems which ensure products and services are produced and valued by the end customer. Firms which produce several products may evaluate several value chains. Examining eachchain and the linkages may allow firms to examine the potential synergies between the value chains of different products.Internal analysis provides a detailed understanding of those aspects of an organisation that are of strategic importance. It is often the way a firms assets and resources are applied that explain differences in performance among companies, rather than industry structure. It has been argued that the significance of the external environment has been over emphasised and a more appropriate focus for strategy is the orga nisations resource base.The key idea is that the value chain is a systematic way of examining all the activities a firm performs and how they interact to differentiate a firms value chain from its competitors value chains. This differentiation is recognise as a key source of competitive advantage. A firm is therefore likely to use this tool when undertaking a strategic analysis. It will analyse the various activities and determine where its strengths and weaknesses lie. For example high levels of absenteeism and ineffective warehouse automation may be identified as weaknesses. Strong research and development and salesforce results might be strengths. The company will then decide whether to match their strengths or to convert or nullify their weaknesses. The value chain would be used when determining a strategic capability visibleness or using a SWOT analysis.Answers may explore the alternative forms of internal analysis, such as the resource-based approach, performance analysis ap proach and functional analysis approach, commenting on potential strengths and weaknesses of these analytical tools. Like any strategic environmental analysis, internal analysis must be rigorously performed and undertaken at regular intervals to monitor and evaluate strategies and changes.Answers may also critique the fact that value creation does not only overstep in the organisation but also in the supply and distribution channels. For example the quality of a car is influenced not only by the activities within the firm but by the quality of unembellished parts, components and the performance of distributors.January 20111) Discuss the factors that influence a companys choice of promotional mix. (50%) Name and describe the scope and characteristics of various promotional tools. (50%)The main 5 factors that influence the choice of the marketing mix are1) Resource availability and cost of promotional tools2) Market size and concentration3) Customer information needs4) Product char acteristics5) Distribution push versus consumer pull strategiesOther relevant points are that decisions must not be made in isolation from the rest of the marketing mix- must be aligned marketers need to make the correct choice of the promotional blend to communicate to the target audience Marketers weigh strengths and weaknesses of tools against promotional objectivesAdvertising is defined as Paid for communication by an identified sponsor with the aim of influencing and informing one or more people. It is mainly used in the long term and is useful for raising awareness or influencing consumers attitudes about brands. Advantages are that it can communicate amplified and expressive messages through the use of sight, sound, music, experience etc. Disadvantages are that is is one directional, impersonal, expensive and can be seen as pervasive.Direct marketing is defined as The recording, analysis and tracking of customers direct responses in order to develop loyalty. It is used in the long term and short term. It is mostly used for retention but can also be used for acquisition of new customers. With improvements in databases, direct marketing can increasingly be customised and up to date. It is also interactive i.e. generates responses from customers and builds relationships. Disadvantages can be cost, and that telemarketing and directmail etc. are often seen as a nuisance by consumers.Public Relations is defined as the Formulation, execution and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding and reciprocal goodwill between an organisation and its stakeholders. It is used in the short and long term and is particularly useful for building reputation. It has the advantages of low media cost, credibility, visibility, and dramatisation- can intoxicate consumers off guard. Major disadvantage is that it is difficult to control.Sales promotion is An incentive for the customer, salesforce or distributor to make an immediate purchase. It i s mainly used in the short term. When used strategically, it can be useful for encouraging trial, re-trial, extended trial, building databases and getting rid of old stock. From a trade perspective it can be useful for increasing distribution, increasing inventory, and improving shelving space/position. Disadvantages are that it does not build brand loyalty and is mainly tactical in its horizons.2) Explain the concept and purpose of analysing industry challenger using Porters Five Forces model. Use illustrative examples to support your answer.The reason the Five Forces are important is that whilst industry structure has a strong influence in determining the competitive rules of the game as well as the strategies potentially available to the firm. Forces outside the firm are significant primarily in a relative sense since outside forces usually affect all firms in the industry, the key is found in the differing ability of the firms to deal with them. The purpose of analysing industr y competition is that it Determines sectoral structural attractiveness Collective strength determines the ultimate profit potential of the industry and the ability of firms to earn rates of ROI in excess of the cost of capital Links with strategy development- goal of business is to find a position in the industry where it can defend itself Strategists should evaluate and rate these forces (high/medium/low threat or power) Accountsfor most of the micro-environment by acknowledging that competitive structure is not just determined by direct industry competitorsAnswers may outline the different Forces and raise some or all of the following pointsRivalry determinants Industry growth slip away barriers brand individuation switching costs concentration corporate stakes diversity of competitors informational complexity intermittent overcapacity fixed costs/value added product/service differencesBuyer power Bargaining leverage e.g. Buyer information, Buyer switching costs Buyer volum e Price sensitivity Brand identity, Product/service differences, Impact on quality performanceSupplier power e.g. Switching costs substitute inputs impact of inputs on differentation threat of forward integration importance of volume to supplierSubstitute threats e.g. Relative price performance of substitutes switching costs buyer propensity to substituteEntry Barriers e.g. Economies of scale brand identity switching costs capital requirements access to distribution expected retaliation3) Discuss the role that segmentation, targeting and positioning each play in developing a successful marketing strategy including managing the marketing mix.s.t.p. is central to development a marketing strategy. The marketing concept assumes different preferences amongst consumers, and STP is how consumers are separate into clusters with similar characteristics or needs, so that products and services can be targeted to satisfy them. Segmentation is dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers wi th different needs, characteristics or behaviours, who might require separate products or marketing mixes.The reason companies use STP is that* It is profitable business.* May discover unfulfilled consumer needs.* Strengthens management capabilities.* Allocates marketing resources.* Sets market objectives.There are 6 stages to STP, which areWhen considering which segments to target, marketers consider a mixture of managerial concerns and customer needs which include * Is work the segment consistent with corporate goals? * What is the strength of competition targeting the segment? * Is it desirable in terms of size, future growth and saturation? * Selecting segments whose needs match the companies ability to deliver. * Profitability and strategic fit- SWOT* Ultimately the decision is conceptual- who we are as a company, and where we want to beThe strategic role that STP plays is in allocating resources to the potentially most profitable segment of the market. Product lines are then designed to match demand in the market place or match resources. STP means companies can catch the first sign of change to give time to prepare and take advantage of it, and consider best competitive position to adopt for each segment. With marketing management STP allows firms to determine the right style of comms campaign choose the most cost effective advertising media apply demographic data effectively price for uttermost effectiveness and develop the right channel strategy.Ultimately STP results in positioning which is possibly the most important aspect of marketing- it results in changing and forming perceptions about brands, creating brand identity and is about designing, communicating and delivering value (crafting the marketing mix to the needs of the target market is the foundation upon which customer relationships and brands are built). Aproducts position is the way the product is defined by consumers on important attributes, it is the place the product occupies in the c onsumers mind relative to competing products. Positioning is based on unique selling proposition (USP) (what is unique/what are you selling) a Brands competitive advantage- with whom are you competing and how are you better? And who will use the product?4) What personal, social and cultural factors influence buyer behaviour? (50%) Choose an example of a high involvement purchase, such as a car, and describe how these factors influence the consumers choice.(50%)Cultural Influences have the broadest and deepest influence. Culture is the fundamental determinant of a persons wants and behaviors acquired through socialization processes with family and other key institutions. Your values are formed on achievement and success, individuality, freedom, humanitarianism etc. (or Hofstedes model). Subcultures- more specific identification and socialisation for members on the basis of nationalities, religion, geographical location, political perspectives. Social classes show distinct preferences in terms of product choice, brands, media choice and languages.Social influences. Relevant factors include Reference groups have a direct or indirect effect on attitudes or behaviours consist of primary and secondary aspirational and dissociative they introduce ideas and behaviours, influence attitudes and self concept they create pressures for conformity which may affect brand choice. Opinion formers (e.g. designers), opinion leaders (offers information and usage advice), confident social and involved with category and opinion followers. Companies try to reach leaders to disseminate messages. Family- the most important consumer buying organisation and the primary reference group, different priorities and decision-making influences. own(prenominal) Influences Relevant factors include Age and stage in life cycle- family/ psychological/ transitions. Occupation and economic circumstances- commercial enterprise may affect products and services required and what you canafford. Personal ity a set of distinguishing human psychological traits that lead to relatively consistent and enduring responses to environmental stimuli. Often consumers try to buy brands that reflect their own personality (Aakers brand personality typologies sincerity/ excitement/ competence/ sophistication/ ruggedness). Self-concept actual/ ideal/ others self-concept/ multiple selves. Lifestyle pattern of living as expressed in activities, interests and opinions and values influences such as time constrained, multi-tasking. Core values the belief systems that underlie attitudes and behaviours.5) Discuss THREE different approaches to pricing, outlining the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.The three approaches are Cost-based pricing strong internal orientation and based on costs Competitor-orientated pricing major emphasis on levels set by competitors Market-led pricing focuses on the value that customers place on a product in the market place and the nature of the marketing strat egy used to support the product. Cost-based pricing involves setting prices based on the costs of producing, distributing and selling the product plus a fair(a) rate of return for the companys effort and risk. Methods include Cost-plus pricing- simplest method of pricing- involves adding a standard mark-up to the product break-even- whats the minimum price we can kill to match the cost of making and marketing a product (BE= (fixed costs)/(price-variable costs). Marginal cost- setting prices at a lower place full cost.Often used by service companies like hotels and airlines to make a contribution to direct costs. More complicated for services- variable costs move windy with an increase in demand. Advantages simple ensure you stay in business by setting minimum floor on pricing and helps to set objectives in terms of the minimum number of units that need to be sold Disadvantages In reality many business use cost-based approaches but they can have large disadvantages illogical ra ised prices when sales fall sales estimates are made before a price is set ignores elasticity of demand ignores competitors pricing no incentive to reduce costs ignore the impact of consumer perception and psychology estimates overheads against individualproducts in an arbitrary wayCompetitor-based pricing- Can take three forms1) Firms follow the prices set by leading competitors Benchmark then set either above, below or the same as competitor Popular in financial services Can be risky, especially if cost position is not as good as a competitor Could issue price war2) Going Rate- all competitors receive the same because it is the going rate Undifferentiated commodities like coffee beans Challenge for marketer is to find creative ways of differentiating to charge higher price e.g. fair trade coffee beans, premium quality coffee beans 3) Competitive summons process- contract goes out to concomitant sealed bids or competitive auction usually lowest price accepted increasing price p ressures, European competition legislation and growing use of technology has increased the use of competitive bidding Very common in government and public sector marketsMarket-led pricing- favourable as it takes into account value rather than price. Main methods 1) Trade-off analysis- also known as conjoint analysis, determines the trade-off between price and other features different combinations of variables such as brand, packaging, product features and price are tested can measure the impact on preferences of increasing price and determine the price level customers are willing to pay 2) Experimentation- places products on sale in various locations at different prices3) Economic Value to the Customer (EVC) reduce costs and increasing revenue are primary concerns of companies Therefore in industrial markets, EVC is calculated- can charge more for a product if it will help your customer increase their revenue more than the competition e.g. new technology.Market led pricing is f avourable as it takes into account the psychology ofprices and not patently economics the price is used to say something about the product, and other factors such as stage in the product life cycle. Price often indicates quality especially in services. However, organisational considerations such as costs and the nature and structure of competition must also be considered.6) Outline how you would construct a SWOT analysis. (50%) Explain the purpose of a SWOT analysis in the marketing planning process. (50)Answers should explain how the marketing environment is analysed- Macro environmental analysis conducing a PESTEL analysis, Micro-environment- examining Five Forces and other factors such as consumer behaviour. These result in identifying opportunities and threats. An internal analysis using e.g. value chain, identifies an organisations strengths and weaknesses. The purpose of conducting a SWOT is to identify strategic choices available to a company. Its the internal communication of external information about emerging issues, situations and potential threats that potentially influence an organisations decision making (Albright 2004).SWOT is essential for firms growing in size and complexity and is an important component of a companys approach to developing a market orientation. Market orientated companies are more profitable. SWOT is essential in markets where the pace of change and uncertainty is increasingly high- companies need to take a proactive direction. It identifies fads, trends, and megatrends. Scanning customer trends helps you create, communicate and deliver value and beat the competition.SWOT/TOWS is the basis for making strategic decisions about growth, what products, what markets, and whether to convert weaknesses or capitalise on strengths etc. Decisions are then made about STP and how the marketing mix will be managed in order to achieve marketing objectives. SWOT is the result of the strategic analysis which is followed by strategic choice , strategic implementation, and strategic control.